-
Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) 2009Beta emitters, such as (90)Y, are increasingly being used for cancer treatment. However, beta emitters demand other precautions than gamma emitters during preparation... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Beta emitters, such as (90)Y, are increasingly being used for cancer treatment. However, beta emitters demand other precautions than gamma emitters during preparation and administration, especially concerning shielding.
AIM
To discuss practical precautions for handling beta emitters in general, and specifically determine proper shielding for (90)Y, while comparing to (177)Lu and (131)I. The aim is achieved through the application of physical principles combined with results from practical experience.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Typical and maximal electron ranges were calculated for (131)I, (177)Lu, and (90)Y, using data from a freely available database. Bremsstrahlung yields were calculated for (90)Y shielded by lead, aluminium, or perspex. Bremsstrahlung spectrum from (90)Y shielded by perspex was measured, and attenuation of spectrum by lead was calculated. Whole-body and finger doses to persons preparing (90)Y-Zevalin were measured.
CONCLUSIONS
Good laboratory practice is important to keep radiation doses low. To reduce bremsstrahlung, (90)Y should not be shielded by lead but instead perspex (10 mm) or aluminium (5 mm). Bremsstrahlung radiation can be further reduced by adding a millimetre of lead on the outside of the primary shielding material. If suitable shielding is used and larger numbers of handlings are divided among several persons, then handling of beta emitters can be a safe procedure.
Topics: Aluminum; Beta Particles; Half-Life; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lead; Lutetium; Polymethyl Methacrylate; Radiation Monitoring; Radiation Protection; Radioisotopes; Specimen Handling; Yttrium Radioisotopes
PubMed: 18766999
DOI: 10.1080/02841860802245163 -
The Ocular Surface Jan 2009
Review
Topics: Beta Particles; Combined Modality Therapy; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Humans; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Pterygium; Radiotherapy Dosage; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19214348
DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70287-2 -
Journal of Radiation Research Aug 2022Internal radiation exposure from neutron-induced radioisotopes that were environmentally activated following an atomic bombing or nuclear accident should be considered... (Review)
Review
Internal radiation exposure from neutron-induced radioisotopes that were environmentally activated following an atomic bombing or nuclear accident should be considered for a complete picture of the pathologic effects on survivors. Inhaled hot particles expose neighboring tissues to very high doses of particle beams, which can cause local tissue damage. Experimentally, a few μm of 55MnO2 powder was irradiated with neutrons at a nuclear reactor in order to generate 56MnO2 that emits β-rays. Rats were irradiated via inhalation. Pathological changes in various rat tissues were examined. In addition, the 56Mn β energy spectrum around the particles was calculated to determine the local dose rate and the cumulative dose. This review focuses on our latest pathological findings in lungs with internal radiation injury and discusses the pathological changes of early event damage caused by localized, very high-dose internal radiation exposure, including apoptosis, elastin stigma, emphysema, hemorrhage and severe inflammation. The pathological findings of lung tissue due to internal radiation exposure of 0.1 Gy were severe, with no pathological changes observed due to external exposure to γ radiation at a dose of 2.0 Gy. Therefore, it is suggested that new pathological analysis methods for internal exposure due to radioactive microparticles are required.
Topics: Animals; Beta Particles; Gamma Rays; Neutrons; Radioactivity; Radioisotopes; Rats
PubMed: 35968993
DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac045 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Jul 2018The use of radioactive sources to deliver cytotoxic ionizing radiation to disease sites dates back to the early 20th century, with the discovery of radium and its... (Review)
Review
The use of radioactive sources to deliver cytotoxic ionizing radiation to disease sites dates back to the early 20th century, with the discovery of radium and its physiologic effects. α-emitters are of particular interest in the field of clinical oncology for radiotherapy applications. The first part of this review explored the basic radiochemistry, high cell-killing potency, and availability of α-emitting radionuclides, together with hurdles such as radiolabeling methods and daughter redistribution. The second part of this review will give an overview of the most promising and current uses of α-emitters in preclinical and clinical studies.
Topics: Alpha Particles; Animals; Beta Particles; Humans; Radiochemistry; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 29496984
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.204651 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jan 2001
Topics: Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; Beta Particles; Brachytherapy; Combined Modality Therapy; Coronary Disease; Device Approval; Gamma Rays; Humans; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Secondary Prevention; Stents; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 11172159
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200101253440410 -
Radiation Research Jul 2001Flynn, A. A., Green, A. J., Pedley, R. B., Boxer, G. M., Boden, R. and Begent, R. H. J. A Mouse Model for Calculating the Absorbed Beta-Particle Dose from (131)I- and...
A mouse model for calculating the absorbed beta-particle dose from (131)I- and (90)Y-labeled immunoconjugates, including a method for dealing with heterogeneity in kidney and tumor.
Flynn, A. A., Green, A. J., Pedley, R. B., Boxer, G. M., Boden, R. and Begent, R. H. J. A Mouse Model for Calculating the Absorbed Beta-Particle Dose from (131)I- and (90)Y-Labeled Immunoconjugates, Including a Method for Dealing with Heterogeneity in Kidney and Tumor. Radiat. Res. 156, 28-35 (2001). Conventional internal radiation dosimetry methods assume that the beta-particle energy is absorbed uniformly and completely in the source organ and that the radioactivity is distributed uniformly in the source. However, in mice, a considerable proportion of the beta-particle energy can escape the source organ, resulting in large cross-organ doses. Furthermore, the distribution of radioactivity is generally heterogeneous in kidney and tumor. Therefore, a model was developed to account for cross-organ doses and for the effects of heterogeneity in kidney and tumor in mice for two of the most important radionuclides used in therapy, (131)I and (90)Y. Most mouse organs were modeled as single-compartment ellipsoids or cylinders, while heterogeneity in kidney and in tumor was addressed by using two compartments to represent the cortex and the medulla and viable and necrotic cells, respectively. The dimensions of these models were taken from previous studies, with the exception of kidney and tumor, which were defined using radioluminography and mosaics of high-power microscopy images. The absorbed fractions in each compartment were calculated using beta-particle point dose kernels. The self-organ dose was significantly higher for (131)I compared to (90)Y in all compartments, but a considerable amount of beta-particle energy was shown to escape the source organ for both radionuclides, with as much as 85% and 36% escaping the marrow for (90)Y and (131)I, respectively. The cortex was found to occupy a greater proportion of the total kidney volume than the medulla, and consequently the self-dose was higher in the cortex. In addition, the thickness of the viable shell in the tumor increased with tumor size, as did the self-dose fractions in both necrotic and viable areas. This dosimetry model improves dose estimates in mice and gives a conceptual basis for considering dosimetry in humans.
Topics: Animals; Beta Particles; Colorectal Neoplasms; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Immunoconjugates; Iodine Radioisotopes; Kidney; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Transplantation; Radiotherapy Dosage; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; Yttrium Radioisotopes
PubMed: 11418070
DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0028:ammfct]2.0.co;2 -
Journal of Interventional Cardiology Dec 2001This state-of-the-art review is intended to explore the development of beta radiation including catheter delivered and permanent implants from its inception to current... (Review)
Review
This state-of-the-art review is intended to explore the development of beta radiation including catheter delivered and permanent implants from its inception to current practice. Specific focus will be given to the isotopes currently available, radiation physics of beta emitters, preclinical studies, clinical trials, beta radiation delivery systems, and implications for future practice. The encouraging results from the clinical trials have established vascular brachytherapy as a standard of care for patients with in-stent restenosis. Vascular brachytherapy requires additional "fine-tuning" to achieve full optimization.
Topics: Beta Particles; Brachytherapy; Coronary Restenosis; Humans
PubMed: 12053381
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2001.tb00378.x -
Circulation Sep 1995
Topics: Animals; Beta Particles; Cell Division; Coronary Vessels; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Stents
PubMed: 7648690
DOI: No ID Found -
Applied Radiation and Isotopes :... Nov 2013The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in March 2011 released radionuclides into the environment. There is concern that (90)Sr will be concentrated in...
The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in March 2011 released radionuclides into the environment. There is concern that (90)Sr will be concentrated in seafood. To measure the activities of (90)Sr in a short time without chemical processes, we have designed a new detector for measuring activity that obtains count rates using 10 layers of proportional counters that are separated by walls that absorb beta particles. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to confirm that its design is appropriate.
Topics: Beta Particles; Computer Simulation; Computer-Aided Design; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Food Analysis; Food Contamination, Radioactive; Models, Statistical; Monte Carlo Method; Radiation Dosage; Radioisotopes; Reproducibility of Results; Scintillation Counting; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 23608140
DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.03.063 -
The American Journal of Roentgenology,... Jul 1954
Topics: Beta Particles; Humans; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 13171483
DOI: No ID Found