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Annals of the New York Academy of... May 2000Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is selected with increasing frequency as a method for both assessing body composition and measuring the changes in body... (Review)
Review
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is selected with increasing frequency as a method for both assessing body composition and measuring the changes in body composition. Issues have been raised about hydration, software version, hardware (fan beam vs. pencil beam), and the subject population in relation to the validity of DXA-derived estimates of body composition. This paper reviews validation studies of DXA to assess the impact of recent developments in its technology. Studies by Prior et al., Kohrt et al., Salamone et al., Going et al., and Pietrobelli et al. demonstrate the effectiveness of DXA estimates of changes in body composition. By contrast, Clasey et al., Nelson et al., and Friedl et al. found limitations in DXA estimates of body composition and its changes. These contradictory conclusions were explored for threats to internal validity in each research study. From this analysis, two validation guidelines are recommended for use when evaluating estimates of body composition. When multicomponent models are used, it is essential that estimates of body water as a fraction of fat-free mass fall in the expected range (71 to 75%) and have a relatively small standard deviation (2 to 3%). For measuring changes in body composition, DXA estimates of total body mass must accurately reflect both baseline and posttreatment scale body weight estimates. Failure to meet these guidelines threatens the internal validity of the study and raises the likelihood of methodological discrepancies. Applying these criteria to DXA studies of body composition under review accounts for much of the contradictory conclusions among investigations.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Body Composition; Body Water; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 10865709
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06420.x -
The Journal of Sports Medicine and... Mar 2019Elite athletes need to optimize their body composition to deliver world class performances and this argument could be extended to elite referees as well. Unfortunately,...
BACKGROUND
Elite athletes need to optimize their body composition to deliver world class performances and this argument could be extended to elite referees as well. Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of body composition information among football referees. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the body composition and somatotypes of male football referees and assistant referees who officiated in the 2013 Zimbabwe Premier Football League.
METHODS
Forty-one participants (21 referees, 20 assistant referees; 8 FIFA, 33 ZIFA licensed referees) with a mean age of 34.89±5.13 years took part. They had on average 10.85±3.85 years of refereeing experience. The ISAK restricted anthropometric profile was used to measure body mass, height, skinfolds, girths and bone breadths, from which Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percentage body fat and somatotype were calculated.
RESULTS
The referees were significantly taller than the assistant referees. The FIFA referees had moderately more desirable anthropometric profiles than the ZIFA referees. With a mean somatotype of 2.62-4.65-2.65, the total sample could be classified as balanced mesomorphs. They had lower BMI and body fat percentages than that observed among referees from other nationalities in the available literature.
CONCLUSIONS
The results add to the paucity of information on the body composition of football officials. Referees aiming to excel at higher levels need to obtain and maintain an ideal body composition since elite level football is intense and requires high fitness levels.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Humans; Male; Soccer; Somatotypes; Zimbabwe
PubMed: 29687687
DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08326-3 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Studies analyzing tennis players' body composition and morphological and bioelectrical characteristics are scarce, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to...
Studies analyzing tennis players' body composition and morphological and bioelectrical characteristics are scarce, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to explore sex- and age-based differences in body composition, somatotype, and bioelectrical properties among elite young male and female tennis players aged 13-16 years. Twenty-two male (14.45 ± 1.10 years) and 20 female (14.30 ± 1.03 years) elite tennis players participated in this study and were compared according to sex (males vs. females) and, within each sex, according to age (13-14 years vs. 15-16 years). Female adolescent elite tennis players had higher body fat (BF) percentage and higher endomorphy than males. They also had lower skeletal muscle mass and total body water (TBW) percentages. Older boys had lower resistance and a higher TBW and phase angle (PhA) than younger boys, likely due to maturation and performance. No significant differences were found between younger and older girls, except for the PhA, potentially associated with better cell function and performance. This study provides valuable reference data for coaches of elite youth tennis players. Due to the few differences found in body composition and somatotype in the different age groups, the PhA may be used by practitioners as a reference for cell function and performance.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adolescent; Female; Tennis; Anthropometry; Somatotypes; Electric Impedance; Sex Characteristics; Body Composition
PubMed: 36554925
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417045 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Nov 2005Over one century of research has led to methods for measuring all major body components at the atomic, molecular, cellular, and tissue-system levels. These remarkable... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Over one century of research has led to methods for measuring all major body components at the atomic, molecular, cellular, and tissue-system levels. These remarkable developments have fueled a rapid and sustained increase in 'body composition' biological findings and related publications. Other than small, incremental improvements in available methods, is there no longer a need for developing new body composition methods? This review examines the question: are we approaching the 'end' of body composition methodology research?
RECENT FINDINGS
Emerging and rapidly growing areas outside of 'traditional' body composition research are highlighting the need for new and innovative method development. Recently introduced technologies such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging extend 'mass' estimates to corresponding 'function' and physiology in humans. Although all major components are now measurable in humans, large gaps remain when considering factors such as radiation exposure, invasiveness, static versus dynamic measurements, and laboratory versus clinic and field assessments.
SUMMARY
The end of the first phase of body composition method development has now arrived: all major components are measurable in vivo. The accessibility of these methods is stimulating rapid advances in biological knowledge surrounding human body composition from in utero to old age. Sustaining advances in new body composition method development will require extending the boundaries of the field as it now exists.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Body Composition; Humans; Models, Biological; Nutrition Assessment
PubMed: 16205457
DOI: 10.1097/01.mco.0000171151.43410.a5 -
Acta Diabetologica Oct 2003There is currently much interest in the subject of pediatric obesity. Accurate measures of body composition are required given the potential influence of variables such... (Review)
Review
There is currently much interest in the subject of pediatric obesity. Accurate measures of body composition are required given the potential influence of variables such as growth, metabolic rate, physical activity, and physical fitness. Because boys and girls have a different growth pattern, gender is a fundamental consideration when measuring children and assessing body composition. The central aim of this paper is to review methods of pediatric body composition assessment that can provide new insights for clinical practice.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Body Composition; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 14618491
DOI: 10.1007/s00592-003-0084-0 -
Journal of Biosocial Science Jul 1992The measurement of short-term changes in maternal body composition during the post-partum period under field conditions poses many problems: (1) body composition... (Review)
Review
The measurement of short-term changes in maternal body composition during the post-partum period under field conditions poses many problems: (1) body composition techniques depend on the constancy of the proportions of components or their physical properties and are less suitable for measuring changes; (2) many of the techniques require expensive, technically sophisticated apparatus that is inappropriate to field conditions in many countries; (3) changes in body composition affect some areas of the body more than others so regional as well as whole body approaches are required. The measurements of body weight, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses and upper arm circumference are essential measurements. These can be supplemented with further skinfold thicknesses and circumferences, and possibly body density and body water measurements. There is little to be gained by transforming anthropometric variables into whole body composition indices in these circumstances.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; Lactation; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 1634565
DOI: 10.1017/s0021932000019921 -
Pituitary 2009The activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis can profoundly impact on body composition. This is dramatically seen in Cushing's syndrome (CS) but changes in body... (Review)
Review
The activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis can profoundly impact on body composition. This is dramatically seen in Cushing's syndrome (CS) but changes in body composition are also implicated in depression and alcoholic pseudocushing's. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these changes remain poorly understood. Changes to body composition in CS include increased fat mass, decreased bone mass, thinning of the skin and reduced lean mass. Why these tissues are affected so dramatically is unclear. Additionally, the change in body composition between individuals varies considerably for reasons which are only now becoming evident. This paper reviews the phenotypic changes with altered pituitary-adrenal axis activity and discusses the mechanisms involved. The primary focus is on adipose, bone, muscle and skin since the most dramatic changes are seen in these tissues.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Body Composition; Bone and Bones; Cushing Syndrome; Humans; Muscles; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 18324475
DOI: 10.1007/s11102-008-0098-2 -
Indoor Air Feb 2022This paper investigated principal parameters affecting individual differences of thermal preference. 36 male college students were selected from three thermal...
This paper investigated principal parameters affecting individual differences of thermal preference. 36 male college students were selected from three thermal preference groups by a questionnaire, including 10 of cool preference (Gcp), 17 of neutral preference (Gnp), and 9 of warm preference (Gwp). Subsequently, their thermal preferences were further examined by a human trial in a climate chamber. Once significant differences were found between groups, subjects' 57 parameters, including body geometry, body composition, cardio-pulmonary capacity, and physical fitness, were measured. Compared to Gwp, Gcp had higher weight (80.0 vs. 64.2 kg), body mass index (BMI) (26 vs. 20.8 kg·m ), body surface area (BSA) (1.94 vs. 1.78 m ), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (87.29% vs. 80.23%), body circumferences (except for forearm circumference), skinfold thickness of all the local parts, volume of expired air (VE) (50.97 vs. 40.81 L/min), and body fat rate (BFR) (24.44% vs. 14.07%), but had a lower specific surface area (SSA) (0.02477 vs. 0.02791 m /kg), resting metabolic rate (RMR) per kilogram (1.21 vs. 1.47 W/kg), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (65.30 vs. 74.69 mmHg), and percentages of muscle (71.17% vs. 80.95%), total water (55.35% vs. 63.14%), skeletal muscle (42.47% vs. 47.94%), protein (14.90% vs. 16.94%), inorganic salt (5.29% vs. 5.86%), and bone mineral (0.044% vs. 0.048%). Among these parameters, body fat and SSA played a dominant role (accounting for 85.76%) in explaining individual differences in thermal preference.
Topics: Air Pollution, Indoor; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Exercise; Humans; Male
PubMed: 35225386
DOI: 10.1111/ina.13007 -
BMC Pediatrics May 2022The aim of this study was to assess the associations of body fat distribution and lean body mass (LBM) with blood pressure (BP) in normal-weight Chinese children and...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to assess the associations of body fat distribution and lean body mass (LBM) with blood pressure (BP) in normal-weight Chinese children and adolescents.
METHODS
A total of 898 normal-weight Chinese children and adolescents, aged 10-18 years, were included this cross-sectional study via a cluster sampling method. The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to measure body composition. The participants were measured for blood pressure (BP) using a calibrated electronic sphygmomanometer according to the standard method by the "American Hypertension Education Project Working Group".
RESULTS
Body composition was related to abnormal BP in normal-weight children and adolescents. After the model adjusted for age, smoking, and drinking, regression analysis showed that fat mass percentage (FMP) was negatively associated with abnormal BP, while LBM was positively associated with abnormal BP in boys(P < 0.05). Whereas FMP and visceral fat level (VFL) were positively associated with abnormal BP in girls (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
There are sex differences in the relationships between total body fat, visceral fat and lean body mass with abnormal BP in normal-weight youths. Therefore, it is of great significance to pay attention to the relative influence of the body composition of the boys and girls in the prevention and treatment of hypertension in youths.
Topics: Adolescent; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Child; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male
PubMed: 35501836
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03289-z -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2022The military are selected on the basis of physical standards and are regularly involved in strong physical activities, also related to particular sports training. The...
The military are selected on the basis of physical standards and are regularly involved in strong physical activities, also related to particular sports training. The aims of the study were to analyze the effect of a 7-month military training program on body composition variables and the suitability of specific 'bioelectrical impedance vector analysis' (spBIVA), compared to DXA, to detect the changes in body composition. A sample of 270 male Brazilian cadets (19.1 ± 1.1 years), composed of a group practicing military physical training routine only (MT = 155) and a group involved in a specific sport training (SMT = 115), were measured by body composition assessments (evaluated by means of DXA and spBIVA) at the beginning and the end of the military routine year. The effect of training on body composition was similar in SMT and MT groups, with an increase in LST. DXA and spBIVA were correlated, with specific resistance (Rsp) and reactance (Xcsp) positively related to fat mass (FM), FM%, LST, and lean soft tissue index (LSTI), and phase angle positively related to LST and LSTI. Body composition variations due to physical training were recognized by spBIVA: the increase in muscle mass was indicated by the phase angle and Xcsp increase, and the stability of FM% was consistent with the unchanged values of Rsp. Military training produced an increase in muscle mass, but no change in FM%, independently of the sample characteristics at baseline and the practice of additional sports. SpBIVA is a suitable technique for the assessment of body composition in military people.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Brazil; Electric Impedance; Exercise; Humans; Male; Military Personnel
PubMed: 35162755
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031732