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Journal of Investigative Medicine : the... Jun 2018This paper gives a brief overview of common non-invasive techniques for body composition analysis and a more in-depth review of a body composition assessment method... (Review)
Review
This paper gives a brief overview of common non-invasive techniques for body composition analysis and a more in-depth review of a body composition assessment method based on fat-referenced quantitative MRI. Earlier published studies of this method are summarized, and a previously unpublished validation study, based on 4753 subjects from the UK Biobank imaging cohort, comparing the quantitative MRI method with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is presented. For whole-body measurements of adipose tissue (AT) or fat and lean tissue (LT), DXA and quantitative MRIs show excellent agreement with linear correlation of 0.99 and 0.97, and coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.5 and 4.6 per cent for fat (computed from AT) and LT, respectively, but the agreement was found significantly lower for visceral adipose tissue, with a CV of >20 per cent. The additional ability of MRI to also measure muscle volumes, muscle AT infiltration and ectopic fat, in combination with rapid scanning protocols and efficient image analysis tools, makes quantitative MRI a powerful tool for advanced body composition assessment.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 29581385
DOI: 10.1136/jim-2018-000722 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Sep 2018Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the... (Review)
Review
Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the focus is on effects of exercise training on energy balance and body composition in subjects with a sedentary or light-active lifestyle. Then, exercise training induces an energy imbalance consistently lower than prescribed energy expenditure from exercise. Additionally, individual responses are highly variable and decrease in time. Combining the results from 23 exercise training studies in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, varying in duration from 2 to 64 weeks, showed an average initial energy imbalance of about 2 MJ/day with an exponential decline to nearly zero after about 1 year. A compensatory increase in energy intake is the most likely explanation for the lower than expected effect of exercise on energy balance. Overall, exercise training results in a healthier body composition as reflected by a reduction of body fat, especially in overweight and obese subjects, with little or no long-term effect on body weight.
Topics: Body Composition; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 30185845
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0180-4 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Jul 2020Bernal-Orozco, MF, Posada-Falomir, M, Quiñónez-Gastélum, CM, Plascencia-Aguilera, LP, Arana-Nuño, JR, Badillo-Camacho, N, Márquez-Sandoval, F, Holway, FE, and...
Bernal-Orozco, MF, Posada-Falomir, M, Quiñónez-Gastélum, CM, Plascencia-Aguilera, LP, Arana-Nuño, JR, Badillo-Camacho, N, Márquez-Sandoval, F, Holway, FE, and Vizmanos-Lamotte, B. Anthropometric and body composition profile of young professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1911-1923, 2020-The purpose was to describe the anthropometric and body composition profile of young professional soccer players and to compare the players profiles between different competitive divisions and playing positions. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with anthropometric data obtained from the records of soccer players of Club Deportivo Guadalajara, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico) in the under-17, under-20, second, third, and fourth division categories. Body mass, height, sitting-height, skinfolds, girths, and bone breadths were measured by certified anthropometrists from September 2011 to March 2015, following the procedures recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Body composition was determined using the 5-way fractionation method. Comparisons between playing positions in each division and between divisions were performed using analysis of variance, and Bonferroni's post-hoc analyses (SPSS version 22 for Windows, p < 0.05 considered as significant). Data from 755 subjects were analyzed. The mean age was 18.1 ± 1.7 years old (minimum 14.8, maximum 23.2). The under-20 division registered higher anthropometric and body composition values than all other competitive divisions. In addition, goalkeepers were taller, heavier, and obtained the highest values for adipose mass, whereas forwards presented higher percentages of muscle mass. These tables can be used during nutritional assessment and nutritional monitoring of players to establish body composition goals. In addition, the strength and conditioning practitioner may also use these data to design effective and specific training programs most suitable to the anthropometric and body composition profile of each player, taking into consideration his competitive division and playing position.
Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weights and Measures; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Male; Retrospective Studies; Soccer; Young Adult
PubMed: 32058363
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003416 -
European Journal of Pediatrics Oct 2023Fontan circulation is a highly abnormal circulatory state that may affect various organ systems. The effect on body composition is an important factor to assess the... (Review)
Review
Fontan circulation is a highly abnormal circulatory state that may affect various organ systems. The effect on body composition is an important factor to assess the condition of the patient. This systematic review assesses body composition and possibly related adverse outcomes in patients with a Fontan circulation, to provide an overview of current insights. Studies evaluating body composition by compartment (either fat mass or lean/muscle mass) in Fontan patients published up to April 2023 were included in this systematic review. Of 1392 potential studies, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, body composition measurements of 774 Fontan patients were included. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (n = 12), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (n = 5), computer tomography (CT) (n = 1), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n = 1). All studies reported a normal body mass index (BMI) in Fontan patients, compared to controls. Five out of nine studies reported significantly higher body fat values, and twelve out of fifteen studies reported significantly lower muscle or lean mass values in the Fontan population compared to the healthy population. Unfavorable body composition in Fontan patients was associated with decreased exercise capacity, worse cardiac function, and adverse outcomes including hospital admissions and death. Conclusions: Despite having a normal BMI, Fontan patients have an increased fat mass and decreased muscle mass or lean mass compared to the healthy population. This unfavorable body composition was associated with various adverse outcomes, including a decreased exercise capacity and worse cardiac function. What is Known: • Patients with a Fontan circulation have a decreased exercise capacity compared to healthy peers, an unfavorable body composition might be a contributor to their impaired exercise capacity. What is New: • Fontan patients are predisposed to an unfavorable body composition, characterized by increased fat mass and decreased muscle mass accompanied by a normal BMI compared to the healthy population. • Among others, unfavorable body composition was associated with decreased exercise capacity, cardiac function, and increased morbidity in patients with a Fontan circulation.
Topics: Humans; Body Composition; Adipose Tissue; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Absorptiometry, Photon; Electric Impedance; Body Mass Index
PubMed: 37542012
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05100-2 -
European Journal of Radiology Aug 2016The in vivo evaluation of body composition is essential in many clinical investigations, in order to accurately describe and monitor the nutritional status of a range of... (Review)
Review
The in vivo evaluation of body composition is essential in many clinical investigations, in order to accurately describe and monitor the nutritional status of a range of medical conditions and physiological processes, including sick and malnourished patients, pregnant women, breastfeeding women and the elderly, as well as in patients with cancer, osteoporosis and many other diseases. This research area is also important to the field of human nutrition and exercise physiology. Several research investigations have indicated the importance of measuring fat deposition in different body compartments, in order to gain a fuller understanding of the genetic factors that contribute to obesity, obesity-related disorders, such as dyslipidemia, and thereby to a fuller understanding of obesity associated cardio-metabolic disorders, with relevance to the relationship between body composition and energy expenditure. The spatial and temporal dimension, where and when, may influence the physiological relevance and the pathological implications of the fat composition of different body compartments, and, as such, is a new element to be considered when assessing body composition.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Composition; Body Fat Distribution; Humans; Seasons; Time
PubMed: 26564096
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.10.020 -
Journal of Physiological Anthropology May 2022Despite the presence of body composition studies in Russia, there are no current reviews on this topic, and the results are relatively rarely published abroad. Our aim... (Review)
Review
Despite the presence of body composition studies in Russia, there are no current reviews on this topic, and the results are relatively rarely published abroad. Our aim was to describe the history and current state of this research work, to list unresolved problems, and to outline possible developmental trends. For completeness, in the initial part of the review, traditional research areas indirectly related to body composition studies are considered, namely, the analysis of biological variation of anthropometric parameters and somatotyping.It can be seen that anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) are mainly used to assess body composition in Russia. Other methods, such as double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), are utilized less often. The achievements include the common use of comprehensive anthropometry in anthropological studies, some advancements in clinical studies, approbation of potentially important methods such as the deuterium dilution method and three-dimensional laser-based photonic scanning, and ongoing mass population BIA measurements in health centers. Various bioimpedance instruments are manufactured, the local reference BIA body composition data are available, and a large updated BIA database is ready for international comparisons.Among major limitations of body composition research in Russia, one can note the lack of validation studies using reference methods, so that foreign regression formulas are used with the double indirect methods, such as anthropometry and BIA, despite the fact that their accuracy has not yet been checked in our population. Conventional reference body composition assessment methods, such as three- or four-component molecular-level models and whole-body in vivo neutron activation analysis, were not applied yet, despite the technical feasibility.In general, it can be argued that the body composition research in Russia follows the observed global trends. Along with the achievements, there are a number of unresolved methodological and organizational issues. Prospects for further research include validation studies, updating reference population body composition data, and establishing local cut-offs for malnutrition and disease risks. In our view, further development could be facilitated with the establishment of well-equipped Human Body Composition Units in major Russian research centers, such as Moscow State University, which could be assigned a coordinating and methodical role.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Electric Impedance; Humans; Russia
PubMed: 35505405
DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00291-3 -
Current Rheumatology Reviews 2020Anorexia nervosa is a serious health condition characterized by a significant low body weight and alteration in body composition components. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Anorexia nervosa is a serious health condition characterized by a significant low body weight and alteration in body composition components.
AIM
In the current paper, we aim to summarize the available literature concerning changes in body fat, lean, and bone masses, during anorexia nervosa and after complete weight restoration.
METHODS
Data were summarized using a narrative approach based on clinical expertise in the interpretation of the available evidence base in the literature.
RESULTS
The available data revealed three main findings. Firstly, anorexia nervosa causes a significant reduction in body fat mass, however it is completely restored after short-term weight normalization but with a central adiposity phenotype that does not seem to negatively influence treatment outcomes and appears to normalize after 1 year of normal weight maintenance. Secondly, anorexia nervosa causes a significant reduction in bone mineral density, but weight restoration is associated first (≈12 months) with stabilization of bone mineral density, followed by improvements (after ≈16 months); and finally, with complete normalization (after ≈30 months) after normal-weight maintenance. Thirdly, during anorexia nervosa loss of lean and skeletal body mass occurring in particular from the extremities rather than the central regions has been consistently reported, especially in patients with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≤ 16.5 Kg/m2 however short-term weight restoration is associated with complete normalization.
CONCLUSION
Anorexia nervosa adversely affects body composition, however this medical complication seems to be reversible through the main treatment strategy of body weight restoration followed by normal weight maintenance, and this should be openly discussed with patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Body Composition; Body Fat Distribution; Body Mass Index; Bone Density; Humans; Young Adult
PubMed: 30806320
DOI: 10.2174/1573397115666190222200704 -
Frontiers of Hormone Research 2019Differences between males and females are commonly attributed to sexual hormones. Androgens are responsible for the development of primary and secondary sexual... (Review)
Review
Differences between males and females are commonly attributed to sexual hormones. Androgens are responsible for the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics in males, whereas they influence sexual behaviour, glycaemic control, lipid profile, bone metabolism and erythropoiesis in both sexes. In this chapter, we discuss preclinical and clinical data on sex-specific androgen metabolism and androgen effect on body composition.
Topics: Androgens; Animals; Body Composition; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 31499499
DOI: 10.1159/000494900 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Jul 2002Body mass index has been shown to be an imprecise measurement of fat-free and fat mass, and provides no information if weight changes occur as a result of a decrease in... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Body mass index has been shown to be an imprecise measurement of fat-free and fat mass, and provides no information if weight changes occur as a result of a decrease in fat-free mass or an increase in fat mass.
RECENT FINDINGS
Non-invasive body composition methods (i.e. bioelectrical impedance analysis, air displacement plethysmography) can now be used to monitor fat-free and fat mass with weight gain and loss, and during aging. This review discusses body composition measurements in terms of ethnic differences, physical activity, and age, and the limitations of bedside techniques in obesity and abnormal hydration status.
SUMMARY
An assessment of the fat-free and fat mass provides valuable information about changes in body composition with weight gain or loss and physical activity, and during aging. Non-invasive bedside techniques can now be used to evaluate the nutritional status of healthy and ill individuals.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 12107379
DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200207000-00012 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Testosterone is an essential sex hormone that plays a vital role in the overall health and development of males. It is well known that obesity decreases testosterone...
BACKGROUND
Testosterone is an essential sex hormone that plays a vital role in the overall health and development of males. It is well known that obesity decreases testosterone levels, but it is difficult to determine the causal relationship between body composition and testosterone.
METHODS
To investigate potential causal associations between body composition and testosterone levels by a first time application of Mendelian randomization methods. Exposure variables in men included body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, and body mass index). In addition to whole body fat and fat-free mass, we examined fat and fat-free mass for each body part (e.g., trunk, left arm, right arm, left leg and right leg) as exposures. Instrumental variables were defined using genome-wide association study data from the UK Biobank. Outcome variables in men included testosterone levels (total testosterone [TT], bioavailable testosterone [BT], and sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG]). A one-sample Mendelian randomization analysis of inverse-variance weighted and weighted median was performed.
RESULTS
The number of genetic instruments for the 13 exposure traits related to body composition ranged from 156 to 540. Genetically predicted whole body fat mass was negatively associated with TT (β=-0.24, P=5.2×10-), BT (β=-0.18, P=5.8×10-) and SHBG (β=-0.06, P=8.0×10-). Genetically predicted whole body fat-free mass was negatively associated with BT (β=-0.04, P=2.1×10-4), but not with TT and SHBG, after multiple testing corrections. When comparing the causal effect on testosterone levels, there was a consistent trend that the effect of fat mass was more potent than that of fat-free mass. There were no differences between body parts.
CONCLUSION
These results show that reducing fat mass may increase testosterone levels.
Topics: Male; Humans; Testosterone; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Genome-Wide Association Study; Body Composition; Gonadal Steroid Hormones
PubMed: 38089610
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1277393