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Food and Nutrition Bulletin Dec 2006General considerations in assessing body composition in children and youths are described. Various methods are explored and recommendations are made for methods to be... (Review)
Review
General considerations in assessing body composition in children and youths are described. Various methods are explored and recommendations are made for methods to be used in the International Growth Standard for Preadolescent and Adolescent Children Project. Exclusion of under- and overweight participants is recommended, and a method is proposed to assess both underweight and overweight. In addition to height and weight, we recommend waist circumference, selected skinfolds, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a measure of fat, lean, and bone mineral density. We also propose using both fat mass index and fat-free mass index as an improvement over body-mass index.
Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Child; Child Development; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Female; Growth; Humans; Male; Reference Standards; Reference Values
PubMed: 17361665
DOI: 10.1177/15648265060274S512 -
The Journal of Sports Medicine and... Mar 2019Elite athletes need to optimize their body composition to deliver world class performances and this argument could be extended to elite referees as well. Unfortunately,...
BACKGROUND
Elite athletes need to optimize their body composition to deliver world class performances and this argument could be extended to elite referees as well. Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of body composition information among football referees. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the body composition and somatotypes of male football referees and assistant referees who officiated in the 2013 Zimbabwe Premier Football League.
METHODS
Forty-one participants (21 referees, 20 assistant referees; 8 FIFA, 33 ZIFA licensed referees) with a mean age of 34.89±5.13 years took part. They had on average 10.85±3.85 years of refereeing experience. The ISAK restricted anthropometric profile was used to measure body mass, height, skinfolds, girths and bone breadths, from which Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percentage body fat and somatotype were calculated.
RESULTS
The referees were significantly taller than the assistant referees. The FIFA referees had moderately more desirable anthropometric profiles than the ZIFA referees. With a mean somatotype of 2.62-4.65-2.65, the total sample could be classified as balanced mesomorphs. They had lower BMI and body fat percentages than that observed among referees from other nationalities in the available literature.
CONCLUSIONS
The results add to the paucity of information on the body composition of football officials. Referees aiming to excel at higher levels need to obtain and maintain an ideal body composition since elite level football is intense and requires high fitness levels.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Humans; Male; Soccer; Somatotypes; Zimbabwe
PubMed: 29687687
DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08326-3 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Body composition represents an important aspect of physical fitness and has received increasing attention in recent years. The present study was designed and conducted...
Body composition represents an important aspect of physical fitness and has received increasing attention in recent years. The present study was designed and conducted to provide reference values for age-, sex-, and altitude-specific body composition for healthy indigenous Tibetan adults living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which has not yet been studied. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2,356 healthy Tibetan adults (1,433 females and 923 males) living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for generations. The body composition of the participants was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The measurements included weight, basal metabolic rate (BMR), fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), protein mass (PM), bone mass (BM), fat mass (FM), percentage of body fat (PBF), subcutaneous fat mass (SFM), visceral fat mass (VFM), total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW). Overall, males had greater FFM, SMM, PM, BM, and water mass, whereas females were high in fat mass. Participants from plains generally had higher body composition values, and PM, BM, FM and body water values decreased with increasing altitude, with the lowest values found in >4,000 m Shigatse. FFM, SMM, PM, and BM tended to decrease with increasing age, whereas fat mass and ECW tended to increase with increasing age. This study provides the first normative reference data of body composition for healthy indigenous individuals on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. These datasets are important for future research related to body composition. A considerable decrease in body composition values in > 4,000 m-altitude areas suggested that body composition cutoff values should be established by altitude. Age-, sex-, and altitude-specific alterations in body composition values also inform the prevention and amendment of abnormal body composition changes and resultant health complications.
Topics: Adult; Male; Female; Humans; Tibet; Electric Impedance; Cross-Sectional Studies; Indigenous Peoples; Body Composition; Water
PubMed: 36276374
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.986720 -
Early Human Development Mar 2012The aim of nutrition in neonatology is to achieve a healthy growth that mimics, both in terms of growth rates and quality of growth, that of a normal fetus of the same... (Review)
Review
The aim of nutrition in neonatology is to achieve a healthy growth that mimics, both in terms of growth rates and quality of growth, that of a normal fetus of the same gestational age. In addition, providing an optimal amount and quality of nutrients significantly contributes to the attainment of a neurodevelopment similar to that of an infant born at term. Yet, a high risk of developing metabolic syndrome in relation to aggressive nutrition and accelerated postnatal growth velocity has been reported in former preterm infants. Considering the strict interrelationship that exists between early nutrition, growth, and subsequent health, the development of body composition in early infancy, in terms of fat mass, may contribute to the long-term "programming" process. Hence, accurate and non-invasive measurement of infant body composition, which evaluates the quality in addition to the amount of weight gain, represents a useful tool for gaining further insight into the relationship between birth weight or time in utero and future development. Preterm infants, including those born small for gestational age, have been reported to develop an increased and/or aberrant adiposity, in addition to postnatal growth retardation, when assessed at term-corrected age. However, within the first 5 months, preterm infants, either born adequate or small for gestational age, show a recovery of fat mass, and attain fat mass values comparable to those of full-term infants assessed at birth. The metabolic consequences of these findings on the long-term health need to be further clarified.
Topics: Adiposity; Age Factors; Body Composition; Humans; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Italy
PubMed: 22261292
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.12.022 -
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 2005
Review
Topics: Aging; Body Composition; Diet; Exercise; Humans
PubMed: 16145251
DOI: 10.1159/000088219 -
The International Journal of Eating... Jul 2017To compare body composition patterns before and after complete weight restoration in men with anorexia nervosa.
OBJECTIVE
To compare body composition patterns before and after complete weight restoration in men with anorexia nervosa.
METHOD
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure body composition patterns in 10 men with anorexia nervosa before and after complete weight restoration, and in 10 healthy men matched to age and patients' post-treatment body mass index (BMI).
RESULTS
Before weight restoration, men with anorexia nervosa displayed lower total body fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LBM) than those in the healthy comparison group, with a greater FM loss from the extremity than the trunk region. After short-term weight restoration, patients displayed complete normalization in total LBM and FM, but greater deposition of FM in the trunk region.
CONCLUSION
Short-term weight restoration can normalize body composition patterns in men with anorexia nervosa, but results in a central adiposity phenotype. The clinical implication of this finding is unknown, but should be explored given the high levels of concern about central adiposity in anorexia nervosa.
Topics: Adult; Anorexia Nervosa; Body Composition; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male
PubMed: 28457012
DOI: 10.1002/eat.22721 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Jun 2019The objectives for this study were to compare the body composition of adult indoor neutered domestic cats with outdoor intact cats with an ideal body condition score...
OBJECTIVES
The objectives for this study were to compare the body composition of adult indoor neutered domestic cats with outdoor intact cats with an ideal body condition score using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and to report the body composition findings of free-roaming cats, as this has not been previously reported. Most domestic house cats differ from free-roaming cats as they are confined indoors and neutered. Indoor neutered cats have reduced activity and hormonal alterations that may result in lower muscle mass and higher body fat percentages vs outdoor intact cats, despite similar body condition scores.
METHODS
Twenty-one outdoor intact cats (10 male, 11 female) were selected from a trap-neuter-return program and 16 indoor neutered domestic cats (10 male, six female) were client-owned. Inclusion criteria included an estimated age between 1 and 6 years, complete blood count, biochemistry panel, urinalysis, total thyroxine, feline leukemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus screening and a body condition score of 4-5/9.
RESULTS
Indoor neutered cats had a higher body fat percentage (22.1% [range 17.3-28.2%]) than outdoor intact cats (17.3% [range 10.0-33.6%]; P = 0.002). Indoor neutered male cats had a higher body fat percentage ( P <0.001) than outdoor intact cats. No difference in body fat percentage was observed in female cats ( P = 0.159). Indoor neutered domestic cats had a higher bone mineral density than outdoor intact cats ( P = 0.023).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The results of this study suggest indoor confinement and neutering increase body fat percentage and bone mineral density in cats with an ideal body condition score.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Animals; Body Composition; Cats; Environment; Female; Male
PubMed: 29911463
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X18780872 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... Jul 2023Pancreatic trauma and subsequent pancreatic operation result in early pathophysiologic alterations. Understanding changes in energy expenditure and body composition is...
OBJECTIVES
Pancreatic trauma and subsequent pancreatic operation result in early pathophysiologic alterations. Understanding changes in energy expenditure and body composition is essential for optimal management. This study aims to observe changes in energy expenditure and body composition in patients during the early postoperative days (PODs) after pancreatic trauma.
METHODS
This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgery for blunt pancreatic trauma in a single trauma center. Data of body composition by bioimpedance spectroscopy and energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry were collected and analyzed in patients during the early PODs. The association of body composition parameters with major complications was analyzed.
RESULTS
Forty-one patients were included. Compared with POD-3, the total body water, extracellular water, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass on POD-7 and -14 decreased significantly (all P < 0.05). The phase angle (PhA) increased significantly from POD-3 to -14 (P < 0.05). Resting energy expenditure was significantly higher than predicted and remained high throughout the study period. Over the 14-d study period, delivered energy was escalated to the level of resting energy expenditure. The PhA was significantly lower in patients with severe morbidity than in those without (3.6 [3.3-4.2] versus 4.5 [4.2-5.0]; P < 0.001). A multivariate analysis found that PhA was the independent variable for severe complications, with an odds ratio of 0.069 (95% CI, 0.011-0.427; P = 0.004). The predictive ability of PhA revealed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.837, with an optimal threshold of 4.23.
CONCLUSIONS
Changes in body composition and hypermetabolism state were observed from POD-3 to -14 after pancreatic trauma. A postoperative value of PhA < 4.23 is associated with severe complications.
Topics: Humans; Body Composition; Energy Metabolism; Multivariate Analysis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37163863
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112036 -
Annual Review of Nutrition 1998Growth rate and body composition of livestock can be optimized to meet consumer needs for a leaner product and to improve the efficiency of meat-animal production.... (Review)
Review
Growth rate and body composition of livestock can be optimized to meet consumer needs for a leaner product and to improve the efficiency of meat-animal production. Optimization strategies have traditionally focused on genetic selection and cost-effective ration formulation to achieve the genetic potential. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of growth and its control have led to additional opportunities for its manipulation. These include nutritional manipulation,the use of growth promotants, and, more recently, the ability to change the genetic potential through genetic engineering. Selection of appropriate candidate genes for manipulation depends on understanding the mechanisms underlying differentiation and growth of embryonic muscle cells. Recent advances in genetic engineering techniques, including gene therapy and germline transgenesis, will likely hasten the genetic progress toward a leaner carcass in domestic livestock. Such strategies may prove to be more beneficial then the controlled enhancement of somatotropin expression.
Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Female; Fetus; Growth Substances; Hormones; Meat; Pregnancy
PubMed: 9706219
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.63 -
Current Opinion in Supportive and... Dec 2011Cross-sectional (C-S) imaging is now commonly used to measure body composition in clinical studies. This review highlights the advantages, limitations and suggested... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Cross-sectional (C-S) imaging is now commonly used to measure body composition in clinical studies. This review highlights the advantages, limitations and suggested future directions for this technique.
RECENT FINDINGS
Current understanding of C-S imaging reproducibility, tissue identification and segmentation methods, comparison between imaging techniques and estimates of whole body composition using a single image are described.
SUMMARY
C-S imaging can reliably measure muscle and fat distribution and uniquely discriminate between intra-abdominal organ and muscle component of fat-free mass. It precisely tracks changes within an individual, but is less able to distinguish true differences in whole body estimates between individuals.
Topics: Abdomen; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Body Composition; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Muscle, Skeletal; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 21986910
DOI: 10.1097/SPC.0b013e32834c49eb