-
The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear... Sep 1999Bone metabolism and thus bone remodelling and bone mineral content are profoundly influenced by many hormonal and metabolic factors. This review presents the state of... (Review)
Review
Bone metabolism and thus bone remodelling and bone mineral content are profoundly influenced by many hormonal and metabolic factors. This review presents the state of the art procedures for bone mineral absorptiometry and examines the interactions of endocrine and metabolic diseases and bone mineral content. Preventive and therapeutic modalities of osteoporosis are discussed in this context.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Glucocorticoids; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Hormones; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Parathyroid Hormone; Somatomedins; Thyroid Hormones; Vitamin D
PubMed: 10568139
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) Feb 2008In many published studies, elastic properties of bone are correlated to the bone density, in order to derive an empirical elasticity-density relationship. The most... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In many published studies, elastic properties of bone are correlated to the bone density, in order to derive an empirical elasticity-density relationship. The most common use of these relationships is the prediction of the bone local properties from medical imaging data in subject-specific numerical simulation studies. The proposed relationships are substantially different one from the other. It is unclear whether such differences in elasticity-density relationships can be entirely explained in terms of methodological discrepancies among studies.
METHODS
All relevant literature was reviewed. Only elasticity-density relationships derived from similarly controlled experiments were included and properly normalized. The resulting relationships were grouped according to the most important methodological differences: type of end support during testing, specimen geometry, and anatomical sampling location.
FINDINGS
Even after normalization with respect to strain rate and densitometric measurement unit, substantial inter-study differences do exist, and they can only be partially explained by the methodological differences between studies.
INTERPRETATION
Some recommendations are made for the application of elasticity-density relationships to subject-specific finite element studies. The importance of defining a standardized mechanical testing methodology for bone specimens is stressed, and some guidelines that emerged from the literature are proposed. To identify density-elasticity relationships suitable for use in subject-specific FE studies, the development of a benchmark study is also proposed, where the elasticity-density relationship is taken as the variable under study, and a numerical model of known numerical accuracy predicts experimental strain measurements.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Density; Elasticity; Finite Element Analysis; Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 17931759
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.08.024 -
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism Aug 2016Childhood rheumatic diseases are associated with negative impacts on the skeleton, related to both the underlying illness and complications of therapy. The effects of... (Review)
Review
Childhood rheumatic diseases are associated with negative impacts on the skeleton, related to both the underlying illness and complications of therapy. The effects of medications like corticosteroids are well recognized, leading to reductions in bone mineral density and bone strength and concomitant increases in bone fragility and fracture risk. The impact of factors directly attributable to the underlying disease is not as well recognized. In this article, we review relevant literature to identify data which can contribute to an understanding of the impact of childhood rheumatic disease on the skeleton. We conclude that childhood rheumatic diseases are associated with reductions in bone mineral density and increased risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. These data are strongest for juvenile arthritis, while conclusions are more limited for other rheumatic illnesses, like juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus or juvenile dermatomyositis, due to small numbers of patients studied. Finally, we make recommendations for areas in need of further research. These include the need for long-term longitudinal studies and for data to be collected in patients who have not been treated with corticosteroids.
Topics: Bone Density; Child; Fractures, Bone; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Rheumatic Diseases
PubMed: 27020068
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.02.003 -
The Journal of Pediatrics Jun 2014
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Anthropometry; Bone Density; Child Development; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 24607245
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.042 -
Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung Mar 2013
Topics: Bone Density; Humans; Male; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
PubMed: 22528951
DOI: 10.1007/s11325-012-0699-x -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Wnts are secreted cysteine-rich glycoproteins involved in joint development and skeletal homeostasis and have been implicated in the occurrence of osteoarthritis. Over... (Review)
Review
Wnts are secreted cysteine-rich glycoproteins involved in joint development and skeletal homeostasis and have been implicated in the occurrence of osteoarthritis. Over the past decade, Wnt16, a member of the Wnt family, has received widespread attention for its strong association with bone mineral density, cortical bone thickness, bone strength, and osteoporotic fracture risk. In recent years, further studies have shed light on the role of Wnt16 a positive regulator of bone mass and protective regulator of osteoarthritis progression. Transduction mechanisms and crosstalk involving Wnt16 signaling have also been illustrated. More importantly, local Wnt16 treatment has been shown to ease osteoarthritis, inhibit bone resorption, and promote new bone formation in bone defect models. Thus, Wnt16 is now a potential therapeutic target for skeletal diseases and osteoarthritis. This paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms by which Wnt16 signaling regulates bone homeostasis and osteoarthritis.
Topics: Humans; Wnt Proteins; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Osteoarthritis; Homeostasis
PubMed: 36619549
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1095711 -
Osteoporosis International : a Journal... Jun 2011Racial and ethnic variables are common in research on variation in bone density. This literature review describes some of the common flaws associated with the use of... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Racial and ethnic variables are common in research on variation in bone density. This literature review describes some of the common flaws associated with the use of these variables and provides some suggestions for how bone density research may be able to better document and address skeletal health disparities.
INTRODUCTION
Racial/ethnic differences in bone density have been commonly documented in the research literature. While effective identification of the specific factors underlying these trends might go a long way in informing treatment and screening for osteoporosis, this would require careful consideration of exactly what these variables are capturing. However, the basis and implications of what racial/ethnic variables represent have not carefully been examined in bone density research.
METHODS
For this paper, we systematically reviewed 55 articles that included bone density and race/ethnicity as key variables. Our analysis reveals that racial/ethnic terminology in these articles is highly variable, and discussion of how race/ethnicity is determined is often vague and idiosyncratic. Racial/ethnic variables are being used for a wide range of analytical purposes in statistical tests, which may not be appropriate for such a complex and poorly defined variable.
RESULTS
Many articles attribute racial/ethnic differences in bone mass/bone density to genetic causes, although few studies actually examine genetic data.
CONCLUSION
This analysis indicates that more rigorous examination of what race/ethnicity actually captures, more careful definitions of group labels and the procedures for assigning them, and attention to the limitations of how such variables can reliably be used in data analyses is needed to help address the problems and issues outlined in this review.
Topics: Bone Density; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Osteoporosis; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 21207012
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1503-z -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Mar 2008Interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) results in premenopausal women is particularly challenging, because the relationship between BMD and fracture risk is not... (Review)
Review
Interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) results in premenopausal women is particularly challenging, because the relationship between BMD and fracture risk is not the same as for postmenopausal women. Z scores rather than T scores should be used to define "low BMD" in premenopausal women. The finding of low BMD in a premenopausal woman should prompt an evaluation for secondary causes of bone loss. If a secondary cause is found, management should focus on treatment of this condition. In some cases in which the secondary cause cannot be addressed, such as glucocorticoid therapy or cancer chemotherapy, treatment with a bone-active agent to prevent bone loss should be considered. In women with no fractures and no known secondary cause, low BMD may not signify compromised bone strength. BMD is likely to remain stable in these women, and pharmacologic therapy is rarely justified. Assessment of markers of bone turnover and follow-up bone density measurements can help to identify those with an ongoing process of bone loss that may indicate a higher risk for fracture, and possible need for pharmacologic intervention.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Diphosphonates; Female; Humans; Osteoporosis; Premenopause; Teriparatide
PubMed: 18430399
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-008-0007-7 -
JACC. Heart Failure Aug 2014
Topics: Bone Density; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 25023823
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.04.002 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia... Mar 2010
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Hormones
PubMed: 20485894
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302010000200001