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Current Sports Medicine Reports 2010To investigate current theories of the contributing factors to osteopenia/osteoporosis in competitive cyclists, we present a narrative review of published... (Review)
Review
To investigate current theories of the contributing factors to osteopenia/osteoporosis in competitive cyclists, we present a narrative review of published cross-sectional studies investigating plausible etiologies of decreased bone density in competitive cyclists. Aggregate from multiple published studies as cited. Bone mineral density in cyclists appears to be correlated positively to the cumulative amount of bone loading forces experienced over a lifetime. However, decreases in bone mineral density are noted over the short term if bone loading forces are removed, despite previous gains. There also appears to be a negative correlation between bone mineral density and dermal calcium losses during exercise. Data are mixed on whether calcium supplementation improves bone mineral density in this setting. No correlation was found between sex hormones and bone mineral density in the competitive cyclists studied. Knowledge of the underlying contributors to reduced bone mineral density in cyclists can aid in making preventative and therapeutic recommendations that potentially could decrease the morbidity and mortality related to osteoporosis.
Topics: Bicycling; Bone Density; Female; Humans; Male; Physical Endurance; Physical Exertion
PubMed: 21068568
DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181ffe794 -
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.... Aug 2021Oxidative stress has been implicated as a causative factor in many disease states, possibly including the diminished bone mineral density in osteoporosis. (Review)
Review
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Oxidative stress has been implicated as a causative factor in many disease states, possibly including the diminished bone mineral density in osteoporosis.
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Understanding the effects of oxidative stress on the development of osteoporosis may lead to further research improving preventative and therapeutic measures that can combat this important contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide.
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A diet rich in whole plant foods with high antioxidant content along with antioxidant-preserving lifestyle changes may improve bone mineral density and reduce the risk of fragility-related fractures. While it is not explicitly clear if antioxidant activity is the effector of this change, the current evidence supports this possibility.
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Supplementation with isolated antioxidants may also provide some osteoprotective benefits, but whole plant food-derived antioxidants potentially have more overall benefits. Larger-scale clinical trials are needed to give credence to definitive clinical recommendations.
Topics: Antioxidants; Bone Density; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Osteoporosis; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 34014853
DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.20.00989 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Jun 2009Studies of the epidemiology of osteoporosis and of drug treatments for it have challenged the concept that denser bone means stronger bone. Bone strength or resistance... (Review)
Review
Studies of the epidemiology of osteoporosis and of drug treatments for it have challenged the concept that denser bone means stronger bone. Bone strength or resistance to fracture is not easily measured by routine densitometry, being a function of both density and quality.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Bone and Bones; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Osteoporosis; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 19487553
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.76a.08041 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2016Metastases to the bone are presenting in a great percentage of patients with cancer, causing a variety of symptoms, affecting the quality of life and survival of... (Review)
Review
Metastases to the bone are presenting in a great percentage of patients with cancer, causing a variety of symptoms, affecting the quality of life and survival of patients. A multidisciplinary approach from different health providers is required for treatment, including radiation oncologists, medical oncologists and surgeons. The role of radiotherapy in the management of bone metastases has long been established through multiple randomized trials. The estimation of response to the therapy is subjective and is based on the palliation of the symptoms that the patients report. However, a quantification of the tumor burden and response to the treatment with the use of an objective method to measure those parameters is a clinical expectation in oncology. The change in bone density in affected areas (mainly lytic) after local radiotherapy, representing the cellular changes that have occurred, is a promising marker of response to treatment.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Radiotherapy Dosage
PubMed: 27563886
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091391 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... May 1997
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 9144336
DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.5.712 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Feb 2004To present current data on bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescent women using the long-acting contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and also to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To present current data on bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescent women using the long-acting contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and also to discuss the importance of developing maximal bone mass during adolescence to offset bone demineralization later in life.
DATA SOURCES
Research-based articles in the medical literature, review articles, and recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Osteoporosis Foundation.
CONCLUSIONS
Osteoporosis is a preventable disease that affects millions of Americans, particularly older women. Factors influencing the attainment and maintenance of peak bone mass during childhood and adolescence affect the future risk of fractures. Although longitudinal studies conducted on adolescent women using DMPA are very limited, findings suggest that adolescents are losing bone density during a time of expected bone accretion.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Clinicians must consider all the risks and benefits when prescribing contraceptives to adolescents. By themselves, the findings related to BMD and DMPA use by adolescents are not sufficient to limit the use of DMPA as a contraceptive method. However, clinicians must take into account the addition of other modifying factors associated with BMD that may contribute to overall bone loss in adolescent females. More prospective data on the long-term use of DMPA by adolescents are needed to determine DMPA's effect on bone loss and to determine if bone loss is transient in adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Bone Density; Female; Humans; Medroxyprogesterone; Osteoporosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 15055422
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2004.tb00373.x -
Bone Apr 2020
Topics: Bone Density; Humans; Ion Channels; Polymorphism, Genetic
PubMed: 32007606
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115257 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Dec 1991
Comparative Study
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Black People; Bone Density; Female; Humans; Puberty; White People
PubMed: 1944454
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199112053252310 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2014A few studies in animals and a study in humans showed a positive effect of probiotic on bone metabolism and bone mass density. Most of the investigated bacteria were... (Review)
Review
A few studies in animals and a study in humans showed a positive effect of probiotic on bone metabolism and bone mass density. Most of the investigated bacteria were Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The positive results of the probiotics were supported by the high content of dietary calcium and the high amounts of supplemented probiotics. Some of the principal mechanisms include (1) increasing mineral solubility due to production of short chain fatty acids; (2) producing phytase enzyme by bacteria to overcome the effect of mineral depressed by phytate; (3) reducing intestinal inflammation followed by increasing bone mass density; (4) hydrolysing glycoside bond food in the intestines by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. These mechanisms lead to increase bioavailability of the minerals. In conclusion, probiotics showed potential effects on bone metabolism through different mechanisms with outstanding results in the animal model. The results also showed that postmenopausal women who suffered from low bone mass density are potential targets to consume probiotics for increasing mineral bioavailability including calcium and consequently increasing bone mass density.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Calcium, Dietary; Humans; Probiotics
PubMed: 24587733
DOI: 10.1155/2014/595962 -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju 2012One of the main determinants of who will develop osteoporosis is the amount of bone accumulated at peak bone density. There is poor agreement, however, on when peak bone... (Review)
Review
One of the main determinants of who will develop osteoporosis is the amount of bone accumulated at peak bone density. There is poor agreement, however, on when peak bone density occurs. Ethnic differences were observed in age at peak bone density and their correlates. Since the diagnosis of osteoporosis and osteopaenia is based on the comparison between patients' bone mineral density (BMD) and optimal peak bone density in healthy young people (T-score), it is of great importance that each country should provide its own reference peak bone density data.This review article presents our published results on peak bone density in Croatia and compares them with findings in other populations. Our research included 18 to 25-year-old students from Zagreb University and their parents. The results showed that peak bone mass in young Croatian women was achieved before the age of twenty, but BMD continued to increase after the mid-twenties in the long-bone cortical skeleton. BMD was comparable to the values reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and other studies that included the same age groups, except for the cortical part of the radius, where it was significantly lower. Men achieved peak bone density in the spine later than women, which cannot be explained by different diet or physical activity. As expected, heredity was more important for peak bone density than the environmental factors known to be important for bone health. However, the influence of heredity was not as strong as observed in most other populations. It was also weaker in the cortical than in the trabecular parts of the skeleton. Future research should include young adolescent population to define the exact age of achieving peak bone density in different skeletal sites.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone Density; Croatia; Exercise; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Smoking; Young Adult
PubMed: 22548848
DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2130