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Tropical Animal Health and Production Feb 1988
Topics: Age Factors; Agglutination Tests; Anaplasma; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Jamaica; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
PubMed: 3354057
DOI: 10.1007/BF02239644 -
Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the... 1969
Topics: Anaplasmosis; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Louisiana
PubMed: 5278168
DOI: No ID Found -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Nov 1988The serological prevalence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in the traditional farming sector of six provinces of Zambia was determined using the indirect...
The serological prevalence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in the traditional farming sector of six provinces of Zambia was determined using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for babesiosis and the card agglutination test (CAT) for anaplasmosis. Antibodies to Babesia bigemina occurred throughout the country whereas the prevalence of B. bovis followed the distribution of its tick vector Boophilus microplus which is limited to the north-eastern part of the country. Low numbers of B. bovis serologically positive cattle were demonstrated in central and southern Province. Anaplasma spp. occurred throughout Zambia but the overall percentages of positive sera were low ranging between 14.7% and 38.6% using the CAT. Two hundred sera were retested for anaplasmosis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sero-prevalence rates were 1.5 to 2.3-fold greater with the ELISA than with the card agglutination test.
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Anaplasma; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Babesia; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Zambia
PubMed: 3070875
DOI: 10.1007/BF02239989 -
Parasitology Research Nov 2015Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the most important tick-borne bacteria of veterinary and public health significance in the family Anaplasmataceae.... (Review)
Review
Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the most important tick-borne bacteria of veterinary and public health significance in the family Anaplasmataceae. The objective of current review is to provide knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum and compare major similarities and differences of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum. Bovine anaplasmosis is globally distributed tick-borne disease of livestock with great economic importance in cattle industry. A. phagocytophilum, a cosmopolitan zoonotic tick transmitted pathogen of wide mammalian hosts. The infection in domestic animals is generally referred as tick-borne fever. Concurrent infections exist in ticks, domestic and wild animals in same geographic area. All age groups are susceptible, but the prevalence increases with age. Movement of susceptible domestic animals from tick free non-endemic regions to disease endemic regions is the major risk factor of bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever. Recreational activities or any other high-risk tick exposure habits as well as blood transfusion are important risk factors of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. After infection, individuals remain life-long carriers. Clinical anaplasmosis is usually diagnosed upon examination of stained blood smears. Generally, detection of serum antibodies followed by molecular diagnosis is usually recommended. There are problems of sensitivity and cross-reactivity with both the Anaplasma species during serological tests. Tetracyclines are the drugs of choice for treatment and elimination of anaplasmosis in animals and humans. Universal vaccine is not available for either A. marginale or A. phagocytophilum, effective against geographically diverse strains. Major control measures for bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever include rearing of tick-resistant breeds, endemic stability, breeding Anaplasma-free herds, identification of regional vectors, domestic/wild reservoirs and control, habitat modification, biological control, chemotherapy, and vaccinations (anaplasmosis and/or tick vaccination). Minimizing the tick exposure activities, identification and control of reservoirs are important control measures for human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
Topics: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Vectors; Ecology; Ehrlichiosis; Humans; Mammals; Public Health; Ticks; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 26346451
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4698-2 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Jun 1998
Topics: Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Climate; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Geography; Morocco; Prevalence; Species Specificity; Tick Infestations; Ticks
PubMed: 9668504
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11088.x -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Jun 1998A multiplex PCR/DNA probe assay was used to monitor Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle introduced to a Boophilus microplus-infested...
A multiplex PCR/DNA probe assay was used to monitor Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle introduced to a Boophilus microplus-infested area in Veracruz, Mexico. Eight intact, 18-month-old, cross-bred beef cattle (four naive, Group A; four Babesia species--premunized, Group B) were immediately exposed to ticks after arrival and were clinically monitored from day 6 to day 98 post-exposure (PE) to ticks. Blood sample analysis for DNA detection by the MPCR/DNA probe assay showed that Group A animals were infected with B. bovis from day 11 up to day 22 PE, requiring treatment on days 17-20. Group B animals were detected positive to B. bovis on days 17-20, did not require treatment and remained persistently infected from days 70 to 84 PE. Treatment of Group A animals delayed the infection with B. bigemina. These animals became positive to the parasite on days 63-77 PE. In contrast, Group B animals (untreated) showed B. bigemina infection on days 21-26 and 63-84 PE. One animal was positive for A. marginale infection on days 63-66 PE, the rest of the animals became so on days 80-98 PE. All infected animals required treatment with oxytetracycline. Monitoring the triple hemoparasite infection with the MPCR/DNA probe assay provided important epidemiological information. Thus, precautionary measures can be established when cattle are moved to a babesiosis/anaplasmosis risk area.
Topics: Anaplasma; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Babesia; Babesia bovis; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Follow-Up Studies; Mexico; Oxytetracycline; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Ticks; Transportation
PubMed: 9668444
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11027.x -
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology.... 1992The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was studied in 320 Zebu cattle randomly selected from three regions of Uganda (central, south-western and north-western) using...
The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was studied in 320 Zebu cattle randomly selected from three regions of Uganda (central, south-western and north-western) using DOT-ELISA, Western immunoblotting, Rapid Card Agglutination Test (RCAT), Capillary Tube Agglutination Test (CAT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), and parasitological techniques. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluated in PBS 0.05% Tween 20 prior to testing at an initial dilution of 1:25. The incidence of parasitaemia ranged from 25% in the central region to 35% in the north-western region and the serological prevalence was lower in the central region and highest in the north-west. Prevalence rates assayed by DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting were 1.5-fold greater than those tested with RCAT and 3-fold greater than in CAT. The overall prevalence rates by DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting compared favourably with CFT data. The present data utilizing dried blood on filter papers indicate that there is a high prevalence of anaplasmosis in those regions of Uganda surveyed and it confirms our observations and those of others that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large-scale screening and for seroepidemiological studies.
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Insect Vectors; Prevalence; Ticks; Uganda
PubMed: 1514023
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb01631.x -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Mar 1984Neonate progeny from 3 Anaplasma-free (clean) and 5 Anaplasma-carrier cows were splenectomized and each was challenge exposed with 5 ml of carrier blood. Prepatent times...
Neonate progeny from 3 Anaplasma-free (clean) and 5 Anaplasma-carrier cows were splenectomized and each was challenge exposed with 5 ml of carrier blood. Prepatent times were between 18 and 25 days in calves born of clean cows and between 21 and 36 days in progeny from carrier dams. The lowest packed cell volume values in the clean group occurred at 25 to 39 days after the challenge inoculation and at 29 to 47 days in the carrier group. Highest parasitemias in the clean-calves ranged between 13% and 51% in 25 to 35 days and between 35% to 64% in 38 to 43 days in the carrier calves. Seven splenectomized calves were inoculated with 60 ml of whole blood from progeny of known Anaplasma-free or Anaplasma-carrier cows. After 183 days, all but 1 calf remained free of anaplasmosis. A 1% parasitemia was first observed in that calf 12 days after inoculation with blood from a calf which showed signs of acute anaplasmosis at birth. The infected neonate's dam had recovered from acute anaplasmosis infection during the middle of the second trimester of the gestation. Although not statistically significant, colostral antibodies and/or other maternal factors did not seem to completely protect progeny, but lengthened the prepatent period and delayed anemia and the climax of parasitemia. Further, it was determined that it was possible for an animal affected with acute anaplasmosis before the 190th day of the gestation to transmit anaplasmosis in utero.
Topics: Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antibodies; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colostrum; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Splenectomy
PubMed: 6711971
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Parasitology Feb 2010The intracellular pathogen Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), described by Sir Arnold Theiler in 1910, is endemic worldwide in tropical and... (Review)
Review
The intracellular pathogen Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), described by Sir Arnold Theiler in 1910, is endemic worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas. Infection of cattle with A. marginale causes bovine anaplasmosis, a mild to severe hemolytic disease that results in considerable economic loss to both dairy and beef industries. Transmission of A. marginale to cattle occurs biologically by ticks and mechanically by biting flies and by blood-contaminated fomites. Both male ticks and cattle hosts become persistently infected with A. marginale and serve as reservoirs of infection. While erythrocytes are the major site of infection in cattle, A. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks that begins by infection of gut cells, and transmission to susceptible hosts occurs from salivary glands during feeding. Major surface proteins (MSPs) play a crucial role in the interaction of A. marginale with host cells, and include adhesion proteins and MSPs from multigene families that undergo antigenic change and selection in cattle, thus contributing to maintenance of persistent infections. Many geographic strains of A. marginale have been identified worldwide, which vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. Isolates of A. marginale may be maintained by independent transmission events and a mechanism of infection/exclusion in cattle and ticks. The increasing numbers of A. marginale genotypes identified in some geographic regions most likely resulted from intensive cattle movement. However, concurrent A. marginale strain infections in cattle was reported, but these strains were more distantly related. Phylogenetic studies of selected geographic isolates of A. marginale, using msp4 and msp1alpha, provided information about the biogeography and evolution of A. marginale, and msp1alpha genotypes appear to have evolved under positive selection pressure. Live and killed vaccines have been used for control of anaplasmosis and both types of vaccines have advantages and disadvantages. Vaccines have effectively prevented clinical anaplasmosis in cattle but have failed to block A. marginale infection. Vaccines are needed that can prevent clinical disease and, simultaneously, prevent infection in cattle and ticks, thus eliminating these hosts as reservoirs of infection. Advances in genomics, proteomics, immunology and biochemical and molecular technologies during the last decade have been applied to research on A. marginale and related organisms, and the recent development of a cell culture system for A. marginale has provided a format for studying the pathogen/tick interface. Recent advancements and new research methodologies should provide additional opportunities for development of new strategies for control and prevention of bovine anaplasmosis.
Topics: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Cattle; Male; Ticks
PubMed: 19811876
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.012 -
Research in Veterinary Science May 2024Bovine anaplasmosis presents a significant challenge to livestock production in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. For many years, the concept of enzootic...
Bovine anaplasmosis presents a significant challenge to livestock production in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. For many years, the concept of enzootic stability/instability (initially established for babesiosis) and herd seroprevalence as an indicator of outbreak risks have been applied to anaplasmosis. However, this model has never been definitively validated for Anaplasma marginale. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between herd immunity (seroprevalence) and the occurrence of anaplasmosis outbreaks in Southern Brazil. A case-control study was conducted, categorizing farms into two groups: cases (farms with a history of clinical anaplasmosis) and controls (those without anaplasmosis). Thirteen farms were identified as "cases", while 23 were identified as "controls". A substantial difference in seroprevalence distribution between the two groups was observed. The majority of "control" farms exhibited over 75% of animals with antibodies to A. marginale in both calves and heifers, whereas the majority of "case" farms had a seropositive cattle percentage below 75%. Additionally, twelve months after cattle serology tests, we conducted a prospective follow-up survey to identify any clinical cases of anaplasmosis. Statistical associations (P < 0.05) were found between both retrospective and prospective anaplasmosis outbreaks and the hypothetical threshold of herd seroprevalence (75%). We hypothesize that herd seroprevalence may be an indicator of the risk of occurrence of clinical anaplasmosis. It appears that the epidemiology of cattle anaplasmosis, at least in our conditions, aligns with the well-known model of enzootic stability/instability originally applied to bovine babesiosis.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Anaplasmosis; Babesiosis; Brazil; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Case-Control Studies; Retrospective Studies; Prospective Studies; Anaplasma marginale; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 38513459
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105232