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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial disease with a worldwide distribution and the cause of severe economic losses in the livestock industry in many countries,... (Review)
Review
Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial disease with a worldwide distribution and the cause of severe economic losses in the livestock industry in many countries, including México. In the present work, we first review the elements of the immune response of the bovine, which allows ameliorating the clinical signs while eliminating the majority of the blood forms and generating an immunologic memory such that future confrontations with the pathogen will not end in disease. On the other hand, many vaccine candidates have been evaluated for the control of bovine anaplasmosis yet without no commercial worldwide effective vaccine. Lastly, the diversity of the pathogen and how this diversity has impaired the many efforts to control the disease are reviewed.
PubMed: 36277070
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946545 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2017
Topics: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 28403372
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612017018 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2020Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease with zoonotic potential, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium . The disease is distributed worldwide in tropical...
Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease with zoonotic potential, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium . The disease is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. The economic losses from anaplasmosis in animals is of significant importance because it causes severe morbidity and mortality in cattle. Recovered animals may become persistent carriers. Epidemiological information on the actual status of bovine anaplasmosis in Egypt is scarce. Thus, this study aimed to determine anti- antibody and DNA in serum samples using ELISA and PCR, respectively. In total, 758 bovine sera were collected from cattle farms located in 24 Egyptian governorates in 2015 to 2016. Sera were analyzed with the commercially available ' antibody competitive ELISA v2' kit and 'AmpliTest / spp. real time TaqMan PCR. spp. antibodies were detected in 140 (18.5%) (CI: 15.8-21.4%) of the investigated sera by ELISA, and Anaplasma/Ehrlichia-DNA was detected in 40 (5.3%) (CI: 3.8-7.1%) of the positive sera by real time PCR. Co-detection of both spp. and -specific antibodies was proven in 30 (4%) of the investigated sera. The results of this work confirm the significant prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in Egypt. Raising awareness in decision makers of the public health, veterinarians and animal owners is required to reduce the spread of infection.
PubMed: 31963251
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010064 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Sep 1992The various parameters which interact in the epizootiology of babesiosis and anaplasmosis and which it is necessary to obtain in a survey are analysed and the two... (Review)
Review
The various parameters which interact in the epizootiology of babesiosis and anaplasmosis and which it is necessary to obtain in a survey are analysed and the two diseases compared. Where no data are available from Latin America and the Caribbean, the references from Australia and the United States of America are discussed. The two principal objectives of a study on the epidemiology of babesiosis and anaplasmosis are: to determine the risk of occurrence to understand the relevant factors leading to outbreaks. The first objective is relatively simple to achieve for both diseases by calculating the animal inoculation rate (h) at a determined age and the critical value of h for enzootic stability. The second objective requires exhaustive and complex studies. For babesiosis epidemiology, studies of the tick infection rate, cattle infestation rate, genetic composition of cattle, acaricides, stocking rate, climatic data and other factors are necessary. Anaplasmosis epidemiology cannot be satisfactorily explained by considering it purely as a tick-borne disease. Difficulties to be overcome include the great diversity of haematophagous Diptera in Latin America, and the scarcity of data on the capacity of these insects as anaplasmosis vectors and their feed preferences on cattle.
Topics: Anaplasma; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Arachnid Vectors; Babesia; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Disease Outbreaks; Insect Vectors; Latin America; West Indies
PubMed: 1472722
DOI: 10.20506/rst.11.3.623 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2016
Topics: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Tick-Borne Diseases
PubMed: 27027549
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612016018 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jan 2017Recently, dysfunction of antigen-specific T cells is well documented as T-cell exhaustion and has been defined by the loss of effector functions during chronic... (Review)
Review
Recently, dysfunction of antigen-specific T cells is well documented as T-cell exhaustion and has been defined by the loss of effector functions during chronic infections and cancer in human. The exhausted T cells are characterized phenotypically by the surface expression of immunoinhibitory receptors, such as programmed death 1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). However, there is still a fundamental lack of knowledge about the immunoinhibitory receptors in the fields of veterinary medicine. In particular, very little is known about mechanism of T cell dysfunction in chronic infection in cattle. Recent our studies have revealed that immunoinhibitory molecules including PD-1/ programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) play critical roles in immune exhaustion and disease progression in case of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, Johne's disease and bovine anaplasmosis. This review includes some recent data from us.
Topics: Animals; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chronic Disease; Enzootic Bovine Leukosis; Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis
PubMed: 27725355
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0354 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2024Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of is crucial for identifying areas of high prevalence for targeted disease control. This research was aimed at...
Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of is crucial for identifying areas of high prevalence for targeted disease control. This research was aimed at modelling and mapping the potential distribution, and identify hotspots as well as significant variables explaining the occurrence of the disease. The Getis Ord G* statistic for Hotspot analysis was used as well as MaxEnt ecological niche modelling. The effects of time, land-use, and agro-ecological regions on occurrence were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results showed that several districts in Zimbabwe are suitable for the occurence of the disease for example Binga, Seke, Buhera, Kwekwe, Gweru, Mhondoro, Chegutu, Sanyati, and in the North: Mbire, Muzarabani, Mt Darwin, Shamva, Bindura, Zvimba and Makonde. Morbidity and mortality hotspots were detected in Gokwe-south, Kwekwe, and Chirumhanzu districts. Binga, Gokwe-south, Gutu, Hurungwe, Mazoe, Nkayi, Shamva, and Kwekwe districts also experienced high disease incidences. Temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, mean diurnal range, and isothermality were the most important variables in explaining 93% of distribution. Unlike land-use and agro-ecological regions, time (months) had a significant effect on occurrence with July and September having significantly ( < 0.05) higher cases and deaths than the rest of the months. The results of this study provide insights into the management strategies and control of in Zimbabwe. It is thus concluded that geo-spatial techniques, combined with ecological niche modelling can provide useful insights into disease prevalence and distribution and hence can contribute to effective management and control of in Zimbabwe.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Anaplasmosis; Zimbabwe; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 38279663
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2306210 -
Veterinary Sciences Mar 2018Bovine anaplasmosis is endemic in South Africa and it has a negative economic impact on cattle farming. An improved understanding of and variety transmission,... (Review)
Review
Bovine anaplasmosis is endemic in South Africa and it has a negative economic impact on cattle farming. An improved understanding of and variety transmission, together with improved tools for pathogen detection and characterisation, are required to inform best management practices. Direct detection methods currently in use for and in South Africa are light microscopic examination of tissue and organ smears, conventional, nested, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, and a reverse line blot hybridisation assay. Of these, qPCR is the most sensitive for detection of and in South Africa. Serological assays also feature in routine diagnostics, but cross-reactions prevent accurate species identification. Recently, genetic characterisation has confirmed that and are separate species. Diversity studies targeting Msp1a repeats for and Msp1aS repeats for have revealed high genetic variation and point to correspondingly high levels of variation in outer membrane proteins (OMPs), which have been shown to be potential vaccine candidates in North American studies. Information on these OMPs is lacking for South African strains and should be considered in future recombinant vaccine development studies, ultimately informing the development of regional or global vaccines.
PubMed: 29510496
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010026 -
Veterinary Parasitology: X May 2020Bovine anaplasmosis is a hemolytic disease of cattle caused by which can cause anemia, adult mortality, abortion, and performance reduction. The objectives of this...
Bovine anaplasmosis is a hemolytic disease of cattle caused by which can cause anemia, adult mortality, abortion, and performance reduction. The objectives of this study were to estimate herd-level infection prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in Kansas cow-calf herds and assess management practices associated with herd infection status. Licensed Kansas veterinarians were randomly selected and provided clientele to generate randomly selected participant herds. Blood samples were collected from 10 mature cows during processing of 925 herds between October 1, 2016 and March 1, 2017. A management survey was completed by 780 herd-owners. Sample status was determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA); operations indicating vaccination for anaplasmosis were tested with -specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Survey data underwent logistic regression analysis for calculation of odds ratios and confidence intervals. The herd-level prevalence was 52.5 % of cow-calf herds. Prevalence ranged from 19.1 % of herds in Western Kansas to 87.3 % of herds in Eastern Kansas. Vaccinated herds were more likely (OR = 2.38; CI = 1.16-4.85; = 0.02) to be positive compared to non-vaccinated herds, and herds that utilized insecticide ear-tags were more likely to be positive (OR = 1.9; CI = 1.42-2.55; < 0.01) compared to herds which do not. Operations that prescribe-burned 21-50 % and >50 % of their pastures were more likely to be test positive, OR = 5.74 (CI = 3 .14-10.51; < 0.01) and OR = 4.78 (CI = 2.33-10.17; < 0.01), respectively, than operations that prescribe-burned <20 % of their pastures. In summary, anaplasmosis is present across Kansas beef herds at varied prevalence levels and selected management practices were found to be associated with herd infection status.
PubMed: 32904721
DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100021 -
Veterinary Parasitology 2020Bovine anaplasmosis is a hemolytic disease of cattle caused by Anaplasma marginale which can cause anemia, adult mortality, abortion, and performance reduction. The...
Bovine anaplasmosis is a hemolytic disease of cattle caused by Anaplasma marginale which can cause anemia, adult mortality, abortion, and performance reduction. The objectives of this study were to estimate herd-level infection prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in Kansas cow-calf herds and assess management practices associated with herd infection status. Licensed Kansas veterinarians were randomly selected and provided clientele to generate randomly selected participant herds. Blood samples were collected from 10 mature cows during processing of 925 herds between October 1, 2016 and March 1, 2017. A management survey was completed by 780 herd-owners. Sample status was determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA); operations indicating vaccination for anaplasmosis were tested with A.marginale-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Survey data underwent logistic regression analysis for calculation of odds ratios and confidence intervals. The herd-level prevalence was 52.5 % of cow-calf herds. Prevalence ranged from 19.1 % of herds in Western Kansas to 87.3 % of herds in Eastern Kansas. Vaccinated herds were more likely (OR=2.38; CI=1.16-4.85; p= 0.02) to be positive compared to non-vaccinated herds, and herds that utilized insecticide ear-tags were more likely to be positive (OR = 1.9; CI = 1.42-2.55; p < 0.01) compared to herds which do not. Operations that prescribe-burned 21-50 % and >50 % of their pastures were more likely to be test positive, OR=5.74 (CI=3 .14-10.51; p < 0.01) and OR=4.78 (CI=2.33-10.17; p < 0.01), respectively, than operations that prescribe-burned <20 % of their pastures. In summary, anaplasmosis is present across Kansas beef herds at varied prevalence levels and selected management practices were found to be associated with herd infection status.
PubMed: 34392945
DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100021