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Plant Physiology Jan 1994When the metabolism of [13C,3H]gibberellin (GA)20 in Pisum sativum L. was investigated using decapitated plants and stem sections, no evidence was obtained for the...
When the metabolism of [13C,3H]gibberellin (GA)20 in Pisum sativum L. was investigated using decapitated plants and stem sections, no evidence was obtained for the recently postulated inhibitor of GA20 3[beta]-hydroxylase (V.A. Smith [1992] Plant Physiol 99: 372-377). Instead, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the mutation le reduces GA1 production by altering the structure or level of the 3[beta]-hydroxylase.
PubMed: 12232079
DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.1.277 -
Poultry Science Jan 2003Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of electrical stunning and decapitation on bird activity as well as carcass and meat quality. In Experiment 1,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of electrical stunning and decapitation on bird activity as well as carcass and meat quality. In Experiment 1, broilers were subjected to one of four stunning and killing methods: no stun and neck cut, stun and neck cut, no stun and decapitation, and stun and decapitation. Birds were scored for severity of physical activity on a scale of 1 to 4 with 1 being no activity and 4 being severe wing flapping and muscular contractions. Carcasses were also scored for red wing tips and broken bones. In Experiments 2 to 4, all birds were stunned prior to neck cut or decapitation. Carcasses were scored as described in Experiment 1 as well as measurements of blood loss, feather removal, and breast meat pH, color, cook loss, and tenderness. Based on carcass activity in Experiment 1, decapitation following stunning was similar to a conventional stun and unilateral neck cut, except there was almost no late activity (after 60 s) observed in the decapitated birds. Decapitation following stunning did not result in any consistent carcass quality defects compared to conventional killing in the four experiments. No differences were found in 24-h lightness values, yellowness, cook yield, tenderness, and ultimate pH between conventionally killed and decapitated birds. Blood loss and breast meat redness were inconsistent. These results indicate that high frequency stunning and decapitation may be an acceptable alternative to conventional slaughter based on carcass and meat quality and by ensuring an irreversible loss of consciousness.
Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Chickens; Color; Electricity; Female; Food Technology; Head; Hemorrhage; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Meat; Quality Control
PubMed: 12580261
DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.1.163 -
Forensic Science, Medicine, and... Dec 2011
Topics: Animals; Bites and Stings; Decapitation; Dogs; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 21800177
DOI: 10.1007/s12024-011-9269-y -
Plant Physiology Jul 2005One of the first and most enduring roles identified for the plant hormone auxin is the mediation of apical dominance. Many reports have claimed that reduced stem...
One of the first and most enduring roles identified for the plant hormone auxin is the mediation of apical dominance. Many reports have claimed that reduced stem indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels and/or reduced basipetal IAA transport directly or indirectly initiate bud growth in decapitated plants. We have tested whether auxin inhibits the initial stage of bud release, or subsequent stages, in garden pea (Pisum sativum) by providing a rigorous examination of the dynamics of auxin level, auxin transport, and axillary bud growth. We demonstrate that after decapitation, initial bud growth occurs prior to changes in IAA level or transport in surrounding stem tissue and is not prevented by an acropetal supply of exogenous auxin. We also show that auxin transport inhibitors cause a similar auxin depletion as decapitation, but do not stimulate bud growth within our experimental time-frame. These results indicate that decapitation may trigger initial bud growth via an auxin-independent mechanism. We propose that auxin operates after this initial stage, mediating apical dominance via autoregulation of buds that are already in transition toward sustained growth.
Topics: Flowers; Indoleacetic Acids; Kinetics; Pisum sativum; Plant Stems; Seedlings
PubMed: 15965021
DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.058743 -
Functional Plant Biology : FPB Nov 2020Stevia is a herbaceous plant containing non-sugar sweeteners that could be regarded as a successor to sugar for diabetics. However, there are some problems with the...
Greenhouse evaluation of branching, leaf yield and biochemical compositions of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni to decapitation and foliar application of abscisic acid and fluridone.
Stevia is a herbaceous plant containing non-sugar sweeteners that could be regarded as a successor to sugar for diabetics. However, there are some problems with the cultivation of stevia, especially in the greenhouse, including unbranching and low sweetening agents. To overcome this issue, an experiment was designed to increase not only the branching and leaf production but also the sweetness. Therefore, a novel strategy using abscisic acid (0, 50, 100, 150 μM), its inhibitor, i.e. fluridone (0, 50, 100, 150 μM) and decapitation of plant apical meristems was applied. Results showed that when stevia was decapitated, dormant buds responded to the application of abscisic acid and fluridone. Under these conditions, axillary buds were developed to branches. As well leaf, total dry weight, soluble sugars and steviol glycosides (SGs) were significantly increased. In addition, the interaction of abscisic acid (50 and 100 μM) and fluridone (50 μM) had the highest positive effects on plant growth and steviol glycosides production rather than their sole applications. Results also indicated that decapitation removed a terminal dominance over a limited period of time and the terminal dominance was re-established with the growth of the terminal branches, whereas the influence of 50 µM fluridone on stevia was long term and the number of shoots was greater. Since stevia is a costly sweetener, the results of this study could be used in greenhouses, where the cultivation of stevia seems to be reasonable in terms of economic aspects.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Decapitation; Humans; Plant Leaves; Pyridones; Stevia
PubMed: 32731921
DOI: 10.1071/FP20045 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Apr 2001The effect of topically applied chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase and other esterases in heads and decapitated bodies of CSMA and Crawford German cockroaches was...
Decapitation impacting effect of topically applied chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase and general esterases in susceptible and resistant German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).
The effect of topically applied chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase and other esterases in heads and decapitated bodies of CSMA and Crawford German cockroaches was examined with spectrophotometric enzyme assay and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The toxicity of chlorpyrifos was greatly reduced in decapitated CSMA male cockroaches with LD50 value 17.1-fold higher than that of normal CSMA cockroaches. Acetylcholinesterase activity from heads was significantly higher in the Crawford compared with the CSMA strain and did not change until 24 h after chlorpyrifos in vivo treatment in both strains. The p-nitrophenyl butyrate (NPB) esterase activities from both heads and decapitated bodies of the resistant Crawford strain were significantly greater than the susceptible CSMA strain. The p-NPB esterase activity was significantly inhibited by chlorpyrifos in vivo treatment, and total p-NPB esterase activity was significantly reduced in decapitated bodies compared with heads of both strains. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of extracts solubilized with Triton X-100 from heads and decapitated bodies revealed five major esterase bands and an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) band with a high capability of hydrolyzing alpha-naphthyl butyrate and acetylthiocholine, respectively. In the heads of susceptible CSMA male cockroaches, the activity of mobile isozymes d1 and d2 was completely inhibited at 24 h after chlorpyrifos application, and isozyme e was partially inhibited. In contrast, isozymes c1 and c2 from the decapitated bodies of CSMA cockroaches were mostly affected at 24 h after the topical application of chlorpyrifos. The activities of acetylcholinesterase and esterase isozymes a and b from the decapitated body remained uninhibited in both strains. Inhibition of isozymes d1 and d2 seems to be more important in chlorpyrifos intoxication than acetylcholinesterase.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Biological Assay; Blattellidae; Chlorpyrifos; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Esterases; Head; Insect Control; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides
PubMed: 11332845
DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.499 -
Forensic Science International Apr 2008The authors present the case of an adult male (20-25 years) with a stature of 175 cm and a body mass of 68 kg, showing many wounds caused by both stabbing and cutting...
The authors present the case of an adult male (20-25 years) with a stature of 175 cm and a body mass of 68 kg, showing many wounds caused by both stabbing and cutting weapons. The subject was found in a tomb in the archeological area on the hill of San Pietro (Canosa, Bari), where there is a Paleo-Christian site dating back to the 6th-7th century a.d. The skeleton shows clear signs of decapitation, due not to an execution but to a fight during a battle.
Topics: Adult; Cervical Vertebrae; Decapitation; Forensic Anthropology; History, Ancient; Humans; Italy; Male; Paleopathology; Radius; Skull; Tibia; Ulna
PubMed: 17884318
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.07.015 -
Forensic Science, Medicine, and... Dec 2012
Topics: Adult; Asphyxia; Decapitation; Forensic Pathology; Humans; Male; Mummies; Postmortem Changes; Suicide
PubMed: 22350821
DOI: 10.1007/s12024-012-9315-4 -
Life Sciences 1990Substance P (SP)-, neurokinin A (NKA)-, neurotensin (NT)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity (Ll) were measured and...
Substance P (SP)-, neurokinin A (NKA)-, neurotensin (NT)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity (Ll) were measured and characterized by specific radioimmunoassays (RIA) and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in extracts of rat brain. Concentrations of SP-Ll, NKA-Ll and NT-Ll in brains of decapitated animals were 59, 49 and 64 percent lower compared to those found in animals sacrificed by focused microwave irradiation (MW). In contrast, no difference in brain NPY-Ll and VIP-Ll levels was found between animals killed by MW and decapitation. HPLC chromatograms of SP-, NKA-, NT- and NPY-Ll showed the same immunoreactive components in extracts of brains from both groups of animals. Thus, no additional immunoreactive components were formed by MW compared to those found after decapitation. The present findings may reflect an MW-induced inhibition of peptidase activity or, perhaps, a more efficient extraction of certain neuropeptides following MW treatment. The results imply that the traditional methods of sacrifice may result in the measurement of spuriously low tissue concentrations of some peptides, e.g. tachykinins, in brain.
Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Male; Microwaves; Neuropeptides; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 2304372
DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90035-p -
Journal of Forensic Sciences Nov 2012Three classic cases and one exceptional case are reported. The unique case of decapitation took place in a traffic accident, while the others were seen after homicide,...
Three classic cases and one exceptional case are reported. The unique case of decapitation took place in a traffic accident, while the others were seen after homicide, vehicle-assisted suicide, and after long-jump hanging. Thorough scene examinations were performed, and photographs from the scene were available in all cases. Through the autopsy of each case, the mechanism for the decapitation in each case was revealed. The severance lines were through the neck and the cervical vertebral column, except for in the motor vehicle accident case, where the base of skull was fractured. This case was also unusual as the mechanism was blunt force. In the homicide case, the mechanism was the use of a knife combined with a saw, while in the two last cases, a ligature made the cut through the neck. The different mechanisms in these decapitations are suggested.
Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Corpse Dismemberment; Decapitation; Female; Forensic Pathology; Homicide; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Suicide
PubMed: 22582715
DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02191.x