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International Review of Cell and... 2019Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique class of immune cells that act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. The discovery of DCs by Cohen and Steinman in 1973... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique class of immune cells that act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. The discovery of DCs by Cohen and Steinman in 1973 laid the foundation for DC biology, and the advances in the field identified different versions of DCs with unique properties and functions. DCs originate from hematopoietic stem cells, and their differentiation is modulated by Flt3L. They are professional antigen-presenting cells that patrol the environmental interphase, sites of infection, or infiltrate pathological tissues looking for antigens that can be used to activate effector cells. DCs are critical for the initiation of the cellular and humoral immune response and protection from infectious diseases or tumors. DCs can take up antigens using specialized surface receptors such as endocytosis receptors, phagocytosis receptors, and C type lectin receptors. Moreover, DCs are equipped with an array of extracellular and intracellular pattern recognition receptors for sensing different danger signals. Upon sensing the danger signals, DCs get activated, upregulate costimulatory molecules, produce various cytokines and chemokines, take up antigen and process it and migrate to lymph nodes where they present antigens to both CD8 and CD4 T cells. DCs are classified into different subsets based on an integrated approach considering their surface phenotype, expression of unique and conserved molecules, ontogeny, and functions. They can be broadly classified as conventional DCs consisting of two subsets (DC1 and DC2), plasmacytoid DCs, inflammatory DCs, and Langerhans cells.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Humans
PubMed: 31810551
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.004 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Dec 2018Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells comprising a variety of subsets, as either resident or migrating cells, in lymphoid and non-lymphoid... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells comprising a variety of subsets, as either resident or migrating cells, in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. In the steady state DC continually process and present antigens on MHCI and MHCII, processes that are highly upregulated upon activation. By expressing differential sets of pattern recognition receptors different DC subsets are able to respond to a range of pathogenic and danger stimuli, enabling functional specialisation of the DC. The knowledge of functional specialisation of DC subsets is key to efficient priming of T cells, to the design of effective vaccine adjuvants and to understanding the role of different DC in health and disease. This review outlines mouse and human steady state DC subsets and key attributes that define their distinct functions.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 29246859
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.009 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Jan 2017Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent and versatile antigen-presenting cells, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of protective pro-inflammatory as well as... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent and versatile antigen-presenting cells, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of protective pro-inflammatory as well as tolerogenic immune responses. Recent comprehensive studies have highlighted the importance of DC migration in the maintenance of immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis, and also in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases. In this Review, we summarize the anatomical, cellular and molecular factors that regulate the migration of different DC subsets in health and disease. In particular, we focus on new insights concerning the role of migratory DCs in the pathogenesis of diseases of the skin, intestine, lung, and brain, as well as in autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Cell Movement; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immune Tolerance
PubMed: 27890914
DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.116 -
Molecular Neurobiology Jan 2022Dendritic cells (DCs) are the immune system's highly specialized antigen-presenting cells. When DCs are sluggish and mature, self-antigen presentation results in... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the immune system's highly specialized antigen-presenting cells. When DCs are sluggish and mature, self-antigen presentation results in tolerance; however, when pathogen-associated molecular patterns stimulate mature DCs, antigen presentation results in the development of antigen-specific immunity. DCs have been identified in various vital organs of mammals (e.g., the skin, heart, lungs, intestines, and spleen), but the brain has long been thought to be devoid of DCs in the absence of neuroinflammation. However, neuroinflammation is becoming more recognized as a factor in a variety of brain illnesses. DCs are present in the brain parenchyma in trace amounts under healthy circumstances, but their numbers rise during neuroinflammation. New therapeutics are being developed that can reduce dendritic cell immunogenicity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production and T cell co-stimulatory pathways. Additionally, innovative ways of regulating dendritic cell growth and differentiation and harnessing their tolerogenic capability are being explored. Herein, we described the function of dendritic cells in neurological disorders and discussed the potential for future therapeutic techniques that target dendritic cells and dendritic cell-related targets in the treatment of neurological disorders.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 34743292
DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02622-4 -
Cellular & Molecular Immunology Apr 2018Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells responsible for the activation of specific T-cell responses and for the development of immune tolerance.... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells responsible for the activation of specific T-cell responses and for the development of immune tolerance. Immature DCs reside in peripheral tissues and specialize in antigen capture, whereas mature DCs reside mostly in the secondary lymphoid organs where they act as antigen-presenting cells. The correct localization of DCs is strictly regulated by a large variety of chemotactic and nonchemotactic signals that include bacterial products, DAMPs (danger-associated molecular patterns), complement proteins, lipids, and chemokines. These signals function both individually and in concert, generating a complex regulatory network. This network is regulated at multiple levels through different strategies, such as synergistic interactions, proteolytic processing, and the actions of atypical chemokine receptors. Understanding this complex scenario will help to clarify the role of DCs in different pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and cancers and will uncover new molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Chemokines; Chemotaxis; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Receptors, Chemokine; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29563613
DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0005-3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Dendritic cells (DCs) are acknowledged as the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), able to induce adaptive immunity and support the innate immune...
Dendritic cells (DCs) are acknowledged as the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), able to induce adaptive immunity and support the innate immune response [...].
Topics: Humans; Dendritic Cells; Adaptive Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36835665
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044253 -
Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and... May 2007Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that have been shown to stimulate tumor antigen-specific T cell responses in preclinical studies. Consequently, there has... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that have been shown to stimulate tumor antigen-specific T cell responses in preclinical studies. Consequently, there has been intense interest in developing dendritic cell based cancer vaccines. A variety of methods for generating dendritic cells, loading them with tumor antigens, and administering them to patients have been described. In recent years, a number of early phase clinical trials have been performed and have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of dendritic cell immunotherapies. A number of these trials have generated valuable preliminary data regarding the clinical and immunologic response to DC-based immunotherapy. The emphasis of dendritic cell immunotherapy research is increasingly shifting toward the development of strategies to increase the potency of dendritic cell vaccine preparations.
Topics: Cancer Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dendritic Cells; Humans
PubMed: 17485358
DOI: 10.2741/2371 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Feb 2001Dendritic cells are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells. They take up antigens and pathogens, generate MHC-peptide complexes, migrate from the sites of antigen... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells. They take up antigens and pathogens, generate MHC-peptide complexes, migrate from the sites of antigen acquisition to secondary lymphoid organs and, finally, they physically interact with and stimulate T lymphocytes. Indeed, dendritic cells are the only antigen-presenting cells that induce the activation of resting T cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune responses and determine tolerance. To do so, dendritic cells have developed unique membrane transport pathways. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the control of antigen uptake and processing, for the generation of MHC-peptide complexes and for their transport to the cell surface have been partially unraveled in the past two years.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Dendritic Cells; Humans
PubMed: 11154916
DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00180-1 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics May 2018Crosstalk among immune cells has attracted considerable attention with the advent of immunotherapy as a novel therapeutic approach for challenging diseases, especially... (Review)
Review
Crosstalk among immune cells has attracted considerable attention with the advent of immunotherapy as a novel therapeutic approach for challenging diseases, especially cancer, which is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Dendritic cells-the key antigen-presenting cells-play a pivotal role in immunological response by presenting exogenous epitopes to T cells, which induces the self-defense mechanisms of the body. Furthermore, nanotechnology has provided promising ways for diagnosing and treating cancer in the last decade. The progress in nanoparticle drug carrier development, combined with enhanced understanding of the immune system, has enabled harnessing of anti-tumor immunity. This review focuses on the recent advances in nanotechnology that have improved the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapies, with emphasis on dendritic cell physiology and its role in presenting antigens and eliciting therapeutic T cell response.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunotherapy; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 29555438
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.029 -
International Review of Cell and... 2019Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, required for the initiation of naïve and memory T cell responses and regulation of adaptive immunity.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, required for the initiation of naïve and memory T cell responses and regulation of adaptive immunity. The discovery of DCs in 1973, which culminated in the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011 for Ralph Steinman and colleagues, initially focused on the identification of adherent mononuclear cell fractions with uniquely stellate dendritic morphology, followed by key discoveries of their critical immunologic role in initiating and maintaining antigen-specific immunity and tolerance. The medical promise of marshaling these key capabilities of DCs for therapeutic modulation of antigen-specific immune responses has guided decades of research in hopes to achieve genuine physiologic partnership with the immune system. The potential uses of DCs in immunotherapeutic applications include cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders; thus, methods for rapid and reliable large-scale production of DCs have been of great academic and clinical interest. However, difficulties in obtaining DCs from lymphoid and peripheral tissues, low numbers and poor survival in culture, have led to advancements in ex vivo production of DCs, both for probing molecular details of DC function as well as for experimenting with their clinical utility. Here, we review the development of a diverse array of DC production methodologies, ranging from cytokine-based strategies to genetic engineering tools devised for enhancing DC-specific immunologic functions. Further, we explore the current state of DC therapies in clinic, as well as emerging insights into physiologic production of DCs inspired by existing therapies.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Immunotherapy; Inflammation; Vaccines
PubMed: 31759433
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.003