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Trends in Immunology Aug 2007Hematopoietic cell transplantation and solid organ transplantation are definitive therapies for several otherwise fatal conditions. Post-transplant immune reactions are... (Review)
Review
Hematopoietic cell transplantation and solid organ transplantation are definitive therapies for several otherwise fatal conditions. Post-transplant immune reactions are the major cause of morbidity after transplantation and limit the extended use of these critical therapies. Post-transplant immune complications include graft rejection by the host and injury to the host mediated by the graft. Dendritic cells (DCs), a population of professional antigen-presenting cells, are thought to be crucial in triggering primary immune responses against both the graft and the host. Here, we review studies on DC homeostasis and trafficking after transplantation, and examine the role of the host and graft DC in post-transplant immune responses. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of these studies.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Dendritic Cells; Graft vs Host Disease; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Homeostasis; Humans; Organ Transplantation; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 17618832
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.06.003 -
Immunologic Research Mar 2013Pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) constantly sample the tissue and traffic inhaled antigens to the lung-draining lymph node where they normally orchestrate an appropriate... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) constantly sample the tissue and traffic inhaled antigens to the lung-draining lymph node where they normally orchestrate an appropriate immune response. The dynamic ability of these professional antigen-presenting cells to promote tolerance or immunity has been intensively studied by several groups, including ours. Distinct DC subsets in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues have been described based on their surface molecule expression and location. Current efforts to unravel DC development and function are providing insight into the various roles each subset offers the immune system. Elucidating DC functions, particularly in the lung, may then allow use of the inherent ability of these cells for enhanced vaccine strategies and therapeutics for pulmonary infections and diseases.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigens; Dendritic Cells; Lung; Protein Transport
PubMed: 22968708
DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8359-6 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), is a linear acidic polysaccharide comprised of repeating disaccharides, modified with sulfate groups at... (Review)
Review
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), is a linear acidic polysaccharide comprised of repeating disaccharides, modified with sulfate groups at various positions. Except for hyaluronan (HA), GAGs are covalently bound to core proteins, forming proteoglycans (PGs). With highly negative charges, GAGs interact with a variety of physiologically active molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and control cell behavior during development and in the progression of diseases, including cancer, infections, and inflammation. Heparan sulfate (HS), another type of GAG, and HA are well reported as regulators for leukocyte migration at sites of inflammation. There have been many reports on the regulation of immune cell function by HS and HA; however, regulation of immune cells by CS has not yet been fully understood. This article focuses on the regulatory function of CS in antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, and refers to CSPGs, such as versican and biglycan, and the cell surface proteoglycan, syndecan.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Biglycan; Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbohydrate Sequence; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; Chondroitin Sulfates; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Hyaluronan Receptors; Immunity, Innate; Macrophages; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2; Structure-Activity Relationship; Syndecans; Toll-Like Receptors; Versicans
PubMed: 32194548
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00232 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Dec 2002Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and are capable of stimulating naive T cells and driving primary immune... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and are capable of stimulating naive T cells and driving primary immune responses. Due to this unique property, DCs represent both vectors and targets for immunological intervention in numerous diseases and are optimal candidates for vaccination protocols in cancer. This review provides an overview of DC immunobiology and the integration of these important APCs in immunotherapies for cancer.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Cancer Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 12517270
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.8.919 -
Cold Spring Harbor Protocols Mar 2019Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). An efficient way of generating antibodies is to introduce antigens of interest into DCs and...
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). An efficient way of generating antibodies is to introduce antigens of interest into DCs and then inject them into the host. This will result in initiation of an antigen-specific immune response mediated by T-cell immunity. Apoptosis of DCs expressing transgenic proteins results in enhanced immunity through cross-presentation by endogenous DCs in vivo. The major advantage of this technology is prolonged presentation of antigens that are synthesized endogenously and their presentation by both modified DCs as well as endogenous DCs to the immune system of the host.
Topics: Animals; Antigens; Apoptosis; Dendritic Cells; Genetic Vectors; Lentivirus; Mice; Transfection
PubMed: 30824623
DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot100073 -
Seminars in Immunology Mar 2015Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells (APC) that are fundamental to initiate both immunity and tolerance. DCs play a 'sentinel' role to protect... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells (APC) that are fundamental to initiate both immunity and tolerance. DCs play a 'sentinel' role to protect our body from potential pathogens and induce tolerogenic responses toward harmless antigens. The flexibility of DCs or macrophages to adapt to the environment and to respond accordingly can be hijacked by pathogens for their own interest to transform a potentially immunogenic APC into a tolerogenic cell with clear consequences in pathogen clearance. While these immune evasion mechanisms can be detrimental for the host, they can highlight important molecular pathways in DCs necessary for their function. In this review we will mention several mechanisms employed by pathogens to evade DC patrolling function.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immune Tolerance; Macrophages; Phagocytosis; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 25843245
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.012 -
International Reviews of Immunology Apr 2010Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens by deleting or controlling the pathogenicity of auto-reactive... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens by deleting or controlling the pathogenicity of auto-reactive T-cells. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapies show great promise for the restoration of tolerance in autoimmune disease. Dendritic cells can be modified ex vivo to induce stable tolerogenic function and be used as cellular 'vaccines' or they can be targeted in vivo with sophisticated antigen delivery systems. Tolerogenic dendritic cells induce antigen-specific T-cell tolerance in vivo and have therapeutic effects in animal models of autoimmunity. The current challenge is to bring tolerogenic dendritic cell therapy to the clinic.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunotherapy
PubMed: 20199240
DOI: 10.3109/08830180903281193 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy May 2005The use of tumour vaccines is being explored as a means of generating effective antitumour immune responses in patients with cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most... (Review)
Review
The use of tumour vaccines is being explored as a means of generating effective antitumour immune responses in patients with cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that are essential for initiating primary immune responses. As such, DCs are being studied as a platform for the design of cancer vaccines. DCs loaded with tumour antigens or whole tumour cell derivatives stimulate tumour-specific immunity. A promising vaccine strategy involves the fusion of DCs with whole tumour cells. DC/tumour fusions express a broad array of tumour antigens, including those yet to be identified, in the context of DC-mediated costimulation. Animal models have demonstrated that vaccination with fusion cells is protective against tumour challenge and results in the regression of established metastatic disease. In vitro human studies have demonstrated that DC/tumour fusions potently stimulate antitumour immunity and lysis of autologous tumour cells. Vaccination of cancer patients with DC/tumour fusions is being studied in Phase I/II clinical trials. Preliminary results demonstrate that generation of a vaccine is feasible and that vaccination is associated with minimal toxicity. Immunological and clinical responses have been found in a subset of patients.
Topics: Animals; Cancer Vaccines; Cell Fusion; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 15934845
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.5.703 -
International Immunopharmacology Oct 2018Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells with the ability to activate naïve T cells and direct the adaptive cellular immune response toward a specific... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells with the ability to activate naïve T cells and direct the adaptive cellular immune response toward a specific profile. This is important, as different pathogens demand specific "profiles" of immune responses for their elimination. Such a goal is achieved depending on the maturation/activation status of DCs by the time of antigen presentation to T cells. Notwithstanding this, recent studies have shown that DCs alter their metabolic program to accommodate the functional changes in gene expression and protein synthesis that follow antigen recognition. In this review, we aim to summarize the data in the literature regarding the metabolic pathways involved with DC phenotypes and their functions.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30075432
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.031 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2014Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells involved critically not only in provoking innate immune responses but also in establishing adaptive... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells involved critically not only in provoking innate immune responses but also in establishing adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are heterogenous and divided into several subsets, including plasmactyoid DCs (pDCs) and several types of conventional DCs (cDCs), which show subset-specific functions. Plasmactyoid DCs are featured by their ability to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to nucleic acid sensors, TLR7 and TLR9 and involved in anti-viral immunity and pathogenesis of certain autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis. Conventional DCs include the DC subsets with high crosspresentation activity, which contributes to anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. These subsets are generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) via several intermediate progenitors and the development is regulated by the transcriptional mechanisms in which subset-specific transcription factors play major roles. We have recently found that an Ets family transcription factor, SPI-B, which is abundantly expressed in pDCs among DC subsets, plays critical roles in functions and late stage development of pDCs. SPI-B functions in cooperation with other transcription factors, especially, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members. Here we review the transcription factor-based molecular mechanisms for generation and functions of DCs, mainly by focusing on the roles of SPI-B and its relatives.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 24875951
DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_378