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Advanced Biology Jun 2023Dendritic cells (DCs), as potent antigen presenting cells, are known to play a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. The understanding of DC biology has evolved... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs), as potent antigen presenting cells, are known to play a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. The understanding of DC biology has evolved over the years to include multiple subsets of DCs with distinct functions in the initiation and maintenance of asthma. Furthermore, asthma is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous disease with potentially diverse underlying mechanisms. The goal of this review is to summarize the role of DCs and the various subsets therein in the pathophysiology of asthma and highlight some of the crucial animal models shaping the field today. Potential future avenues of investigation to address existing gaps in knowledge are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Asthma
PubMed: 36755197
DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200296 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2022Vaccines have contributed to the prevention of infectious diseases for a long time. Pathogen-derived antigens and adjuvants in vaccine formulations stimulate immune... (Review)
Review
Vaccines have contributed to the prevention of infectious diseases for a long time. Pathogen-derived antigens and adjuvants in vaccine formulations stimulate immune cells to elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogens. Achieving highly immune responses with decreased adverse effects requires the development of a system that can deliver antigens to specific immune cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are well-known professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that initiate acquired immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells. Accordingly, DC-targeted vaccines have been investigated and applied in clinical trials for the treatment of infectious diseases and for chronic diseases such as cancers. In addition to DCs, B lymphocytes are regarded as professional APCs despite their primary role in humoral immunity. Therefore, B cell-targeted vaccines are also expected to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. In this review we summarize the basic functions of DCs and B cells as APCs. We also provide information on DC and B cell targeted vaccines in preclinical and clinical settings. Finally, we introduce our novel antigen delivery system that targets splenic marginal zone B cells and the ability of this system to act as a novel vaccine that elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Antigens; Dendritic Cells; Immunity, Cellular; Vaccines
PubMed: 35491190
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00047 -
Journal of Immunotherapy (Hagerstown,... 2001Dendritic cells are a system of antigen-presenting cells with an essential role in the initiation and development of immune responses against infections or tumors. Their... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are a system of antigen-presenting cells with an essential role in the initiation and development of immune responses against infections or tumors. Their unique capacity to stimulate T cells is being adapted for use in immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on their ability to interact with dead cells and, notably, to present exogenous antigens acquired from them to CD8+ T cells. We also discuss the role of this unique antigen presentation pathway for immunotherapeutic development.
Topics: Antigen-Presenting Cells; Apoptosis; Cell Communication; Cell Death; Dendritic Cells; HLA Antigens; Humans; Immunotherapy; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
PubMed: 11565831
DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200107000-00005 -
Annual Review of Immunology 1991Dendritic cells are a system of antigen presenting cells that function to initiate several immune responses such as the sensitization of MHC-restricted T cells, the... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are a system of antigen presenting cells that function to initiate several immune responses such as the sensitization of MHC-restricted T cells, the rejection of organ transplants, and the formation of T-dependent antibodies. Dendritic cells are found in many nonlymphoid tissues but can migrate via the afferent lymph or the blood stream to the T-dependent areas of lymphoid organs. In skin, the immunostimulatory function of dendritic cells is enhanced by cytokines, especially GM-CSF. After foreign proteins are administered in situ, dendritic cells are a principal reservoir of immunogen. In vitro studies indicate that dendritic cells only process proteins for a short period of time, when the rate of synthesis of MHC products and content of acidic endocytic vesicles are high. Antigen processing is selectively dampened after a day in culture, but the capacity to stimulate responses to surface bound peptides and mitogens remains strong. Dendritic cells are motile, and efficiently cluster and activate T cells that are specific for stimuli on the cell surface. High levels of MHC class-I and -II products and several adhesins, such as ICAM-1 and LFA-3, likely contribute to these functions. Therefore dendritic cells are specialized to mediate several physiologic components of immunogenicity such as the acquisition of antigens in tissues, the migration to lymphoid organs, and the identification and activation of antigen-specific T cells. The function of these presenting cells in immunologic tolerance is just beginning to be studied.
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Cell Movement; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Lymphocyte Activation; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 1910679
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.001415 -
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2008Toll-like receptors exist as highly conserved pathogen sensors throughout the animal kingdom and they represent a key family of molecules bridging the ancient innate and... (Review)
Review
Toll-like receptors exist as highly conserved pathogen sensors throughout the animal kingdom and they represent a key family of molecules bridging the ancient innate and adaptive immune systems. The first molecules of adaptive immunity appeared in the cartilaginous fishes and, with these, major histocompatibility proteins and cells expressing these molecules, and thus, by definition, the advent of antigen-presenting cells and the "professional" antigen-presenting cells, the dendritic cells. Dendritic cells themselves are highly specialized subsets of cells with the major roles of antigen presentation and stimulation of lymphocytes. The dendritic cell functions of inducing immunity are regulated by their own activation status, which is governed by their encounter with pathogen-associated molecular patterns that signal through pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors, expressed at the surface and within the cytoplasm and endosomal membranes of dendritic cells. Thus although dendritic cells play a crucial role in the induction of adaptive immunity, the adaptive response is itself initiated at the level of ancient receptors of the innate immune system. A further degree in the complexity of dendritic cell activation is established by the fact that not all dendritic cells are equal. Dendritic cells exist as multiple subsets that vary in location, function, and phenotype. Distinct dendritic cell subsets display great variation in the type of Toll-like receptors expressed and consequently variation in the type of pathogens sensed and the subsequent type of immune responses initiated.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Infections; Mice; Rats; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 18071659
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72167-3_8 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in immune homeostasis and the adaptive immune response. DC-induced immune tolerance... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in immune homeostasis and the adaptive immune response. DC-induced immune tolerance or activation is strictly dependent on the distinct maturation stages and migration ability of DCs. Ubiquitination is a reversible protein post-translational modification process that has emerged as a crucial mechanism that regulates DC maturation and function. Recent studies have shown that ubiquitin enzymes, including E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), are pivotal regulators of DC-mediated immune function and serve as potential targets for DC-based immunotherapy of immune-related disorders (e.g., autoimmune disease, infections, and tumors). In this review, we summarize the recent progress regarding the molecular mechanisms and function of ubiquitination in DC-mediated immune homeostasis and immune response.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Ubiquitination
PubMed: 33329564
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586613 -
Human Immunology Jun 2015Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent of the antigen-presenting cells, are crucial in initiating and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs discriminate... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent of the antigen-presenting cells, are crucial in initiating and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs discriminate unmodified self antigens from non-self and altered/modified self antigens via a large family of receptors called pattern-recognition receptors, which include Toll-like receptors and scavenger receptors (SRs). Recent findings underscore the critical role of SRs on DCs in pathogen clearance, atherosclerosis, apoptotic cell recognition, diesel exhaust particle recognition, etc. These new findings present SRs as an unexplored therapeutic target that warrants further basic and applied research, and have implications for vaccine development. This review highlights recent insights into the emerging role of these receptors in DC-mediated immune responses.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Antigen Presentation; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, Viral; Apoptosis; Cell Communication; Dendritic Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Particulate Matter; Receptors, Scavenger; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 25797205
DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.03.012 -
Hormone and Metabolic Research =... Feb 2008Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells in the human organism. Ever since the discovery of their function in the self/nonself discrimination,... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells in the human organism. Ever since the discovery of their function in the self/nonself discrimination, DCs have been seen as potential candidates for therapy in malignant tumors. With the exception of differentiated thyroid cancer, endocrine malignancies are rare tumors and apart from surgical intervention there is no truly established method for their treatment. Therefore, the prognosis of many endocrine carcinomas is still poor and new therapeutic options are needed. In the last decade, different immunotherapeutic approaches have shown promising results in other solid tumors. In recent studies, immunotherapy using DCs has been proven to be safe and effective to induce antitumor immune responses leading to tumor regression and even rejection of cancer in some cases. This review will summarize the latest progress in DCs based immunotherapy with special focus on the limited experience in endocrine malignancies. With regard to these tumors, it is of special interest which antigens could serve as potential target antigens for future trials. We also discuss what steps have to be taken to develop a better immunotherapy in endocrine tumors.
Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Clinical Trials as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Dendritic Cells; Endocrine Gland Neoplasms; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 18283626
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1022549 -
Immunotherapy Jan 2010The use of dendritic cells (DCs) for tumor immunotherapy represents a powerful approach for harnessing the patient's own immune system to eliminate tumor cells. However,... (Review)
Review
The use of dendritic cells (DCs) for tumor immunotherapy represents a powerful approach for harnessing the patient's own immune system to eliminate tumor cells. However, suboptimal conditions for generating potent immunostimulatory DCs, as well as the induction of tolerance and suppression mediated by the tumors and its microenvironment have contributed to limited success. Combining DC vaccines with new approaches that enhance immunogenicity and overcome the regulatory mechanisms underlying peripheral tolerance may be the key to achieving effective and durable anti-tumor immune responses that translate to better clinical outcomes.
Topics: Antigen-Presenting Cells; Cancer Vaccines; Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 20473346
DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.43 -
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology Jul 2014Dendritic cells (DCs) are a family of professional antigen-presenting cells that have an indispensable role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a family of professional antigen-presenting cells that have an indispensable role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. The DC family is very heterogeneous. Two main types of naturally occurring DCs circulate in peripheral blood, each with its unique phenotypic and functional characteristics: myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid. There is an ample number of studies that have focused on the bi-directional crosstalk between DCs and natural killer cells or T cells. However, the crosstalk among the different DC subsets, in the context of infectious diseases and cancer, has until now not received much attention. Here, we review all available literature that has dealt with the crosstalk between plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs and the potential mode of action. Emphasis will be given to the therapeutic potential of the combination of DC subsets for DC-based immunotherapy.
Topics: Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 24758519
DOI: 10.1586/1744666X.2014.912561