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Critical Reviews in Immunology 2013Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells, capable of initiating proper adaptive immune responses. Although tumor-infiltrating DCs... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells, capable of initiating proper adaptive immune responses. Although tumor-infiltrating DCs are able to recognize cancer cells and uptake tumor antigens, they often have impaired functions because of the immunosuppressive tumor milieu. Therefore, DCs are targeted by therapeutic means either in vivo or ex vivo to facilitate tumor antigen presentation to T cells and induce or promote efficient antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. This immunotherapeutical approach is defined as specific active tumor immunotherapy or therapeutic cancer vaccination. In this review we briefly discuss general aspects of DC biology, followed by a thorough description of the current knowledge and optimization trends of DC vaccine production ex vivo, including various approaches for the induction of proper DC maturation and efficient loading with tumor antigens. We also discuss critical clinical aspects of DC vaccine application in cancer patients, including protocols of administration (routes and regimens), individualization of tumor immunotherapy, prediction and proper evaluation of immune and clinical responses to immunotherapy, and the critical role of combining tumor immunotherapy with other cancer treatment strategies to achieve maximal therapeutic effects.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cancer Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunotherapy
PubMed: 24266347
DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2013008033 -
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Jan 1996Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells with two unique characteristics: the greatest stimulatory potential and the ability to stimulate naive... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells with two unique characteristics: the greatest stimulatory potential and the ability to stimulate naive T-lymphocytes. They originate from the bone marrow and reach their destination via hematogenous or lymphatic migration. Their phenotype is characterized by a high expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and a high expression of adhesion molecules (CD25, CD54, CD58, CD72, and CD80). Pulmonary dendritic cells may be investigated by histologic examination, phenotype analysis, and function studies in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Their isolation requires enzymatic digestion of lung tissue and subsequent steps of cell separation. The complexity of these manipulations makes it difficult to obtain large numbers of viable cells. A close anatomic relationship with alveolar macrophages underlines a functional interconnection: macrophages down-regulate the antigen-presenting function through release of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Dendritic cells most probably play a major role in lung diseases such as histiocytosis, primary and secondary cancers, and both acute and chronic lung graft rejection. Identification of the precise functional pathways might lead to therapeutic use of modulation of dendritic cell function.
Topics: Antigen Presentation; Antigens, CD; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Dendritic Cells; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Lymphocyte Activation
PubMed: 8561576
DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00739-3 -
Autoimmunity Reviews Jul 2006Type I diabetes (TID) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. The destructive response is believed to be... (Review)
Review
Type I diabetes (TID) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. The destructive response is believed to be caused by a Th1-dominant immune attack targeted to several autoantigens including glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and insulin in the presence of an ineffective regulatory response. The development of both the Th1 biased effector cells as well as regulatory T-cell response can be guided by dendritic cells (DC), professional antigen presenting cells (APC) that efficiently capture and process self antigens, and present them to T-cells. These APC can either prime effector T cells or activate regulatory T cells depending on the function of the DC or perhaps distinct DC subsets. Because DC uniquely orchestrate the delicate balance between T cell immunity and regulation, efforts are being made to investigate the potential of DC therapy for the prevention and/or treatment of autoimmune diseases such as TID through augmentation of regulatory responses. As the subset and functional stage of DC appear to be critical for tolerance induction, several strategies for engineering these cells are emerging. Furthermore, the delineation of T1D-associated target antigens allows for the development of antigen-specific DC-based therapy. Here we review recent advances and considerations for this exciting approach and discuss the selection of the appropriate DC subset, self-peptide, and route of administration for the optimization of immunotherapy using these cells.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Drug Administration Routes; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD
PubMed: 16890897
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.12.001 -
Leukemia & Lymphoma Oct 2005In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT), dendritic cells (DCs) as the most potent antigen-presenting cells play a central role in the development of... (Review)
Review
In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT), dendritic cells (DCs) as the most potent antigen-presenting cells play a central role in the development of acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), in graft-vs-leukemia or -malignancy reactions and in fighting infectious complications. Functional maturity and distribution of DC sub-types (DC1 and DC2) differ between the different stem cell sources used (bone marrow, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilised peripheral blood and cord blood) resulting in various rates of graft-vs-host disease and graft-vs-leukemia activity. Although DC recovery following stem cell transplantation is prompt, graft-vs-host disease and the use of immunosuppressive drugs result in qualitative and quantitative disturbances in DC homeostasis and have been observed for up to 1 year after transplantation. Complete donor DC chimerism seems to be a pre-requisite for the development of chronic GVHD and for graft-vs-leukemia activity, at least following reduced-intensity transplants, although in the early phase of acute graft-vs-host disease the presence of host antigen-presenting cells is essential. Preliminary data show promising results with DC-based immunotherapy for treatment of viral and fungal infections and of leukemic relapse following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. More information on the mechanisms and interactions between dendritic cells and regulatory T cells is needed for DC vaccination concepts for modulation of graft-vs-host disease.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Graft vs Host Disease; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunotherapy; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 16194884
DOI: 10.1080/10428190500155603 -
PeerJ 2023Minimum information models are reporting frameworks that describe the essential information that needs to be provided in a publication, so that the work can be repeated...
Minimum information models are reporting frameworks that describe the essential information that needs to be provided in a publication, so that the work can be repeated or compared to other work. In 2016, Minimum Information about Tolerogenic Antigen-Presenting cells (MITAP) was created to standardize the reporting on tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, including tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs). tolDCs is a generic term for dendritic cells that have the ability to (re-)establish immune tolerance; they have been developed as a cell therapy for autoimmune diseases or for the prevention of transplant rejection. Because protocols to generate these therapeutic cells vary widely, MITAP was deemed to be a pivotal reporting tool by and for the tolDC community. In this paper, we explored the impact that MITAP has had on the tolDC field. We did this by examining a subset of the available literature on tolDCs. Our analysis shows that MITAP is used in only the minority of relevant papers (14%), but where it is used the amount of metadata available is slightly increased over where it is not. From this, we conclude that MITAP has been a partial success, but that much more needs to be done if standardized reporting is to become common within the discipline.
Topics: Humans; Dendritic Cells; Autoimmune Diseases; Immune Tolerance
PubMed: 37273539
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15352 -
Journal of Dermatological Science Feb 2007C-type lectin receptors are equipped on phagocytes for antigen capturing. Some of them seem to have a major role in cellular activation, rather than antigen... (Review)
Review
C-type lectin receptors are equipped on phagocytes for antigen capturing. Some of them seem to have a major role in cellular activation, rather than antigen internalization. The dendritic cell (DC) immunoreceptor (DCIR) and DC-associated C-type lectin (dectin)-1 have been identified as prototypic DC-associated C-type lectin receptors, characterized by their signaling mechanisms through distinct intracellular motifs; the former contains the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), to act as an inhibitory receptor, whereas the latter works as an activating receptor via its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). Genes of both receptors are localized very close to the natural killer (NK) gene complex (NKC), in which genes of lectin-type activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors are clustered. Recently, the gene of the DC immunoactivating receptor (DCAR) has been identified next to the DCIR gene, and this acts as a putative activating pair of DCIR through association with an ITAM-bearing Fc receptor (FcR) gamma chain. On the other hand, the gene of an ITIM-bearing myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor (MICL) has been found close to the dectin-1 gene. The genes of other homologous DC-associated C-type lectin receptors, dectin-2 and blood DC antigen (BDCA)-2, form a cluster with those of DCIR and DCAR, while the dectin-1 gene cluster contains lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX)-1, C-type lectin-like receptor (CLEC)-1 and 2, as well as MICL. Although no ligand of DCIR has yet been identified, dectin-1 recognizes fungal beta-glucan and its critical role in the biological effects of beta-glucan has been vigorously investigated. In this review, the characteristic features of these DCIR and dectin-1 family lectins, including the signaling mechanisms, ligand recognition and regulation of cellular functions, are summarized and the term "DC immunoreceptors" is applied to a distinct set of signaling pattern-recognition receptors described here.
Topics: Antigen-Presenting Cells; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Lectins, C-Type; Receptors, Immunologic; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 17046204
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.09.001 -
Immunity Apr 2008Dendritic cells are a heterogeneous group of antigen presenting cells. In this issue of Immunity, Esashi et al. (2008) demonstrate how cytokine-receptor-regulated... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are a heterogeneous group of antigen presenting cells. In this issue of Immunity, Esashi et al. (2008) demonstrate how cytokine-receptor-regulated downstream transcription factors direct dendritic cell subpopulation differentiation from hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; STAT Transcription Factors
PubMed: 18400192
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.006 -
Anticancer Research Jun 2012It is well known that the activation of innate immune cells, especially antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, can ameliorate or exacerbate... (Review)
Review
It is well known that the activation of innate immune cells, especially antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, can ameliorate or exacerbate various diseases, including cancer. Currently, the macrophages and dendritic cells are categorized into several groups by their cell surface and intracellular molecules. However, the detailed classification of the differences between macrophages and dendritic cells has still not been established. Here, we summarized and reviewed the previous studies on the classification of macrophages and dendritic cells. In addition, the previous classification of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells is discussed based on our findings of macrophage activation, which has both conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cell phenotype.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Macrophages
PubMed: 22641660
DOI: No ID Found -
Cell Biology International Oct 2011A rapidly growing body of evidence highlighted that histamine, a small biogenic amine, is implicated in the regulation of DC (dendritic cell) functions. It is well... (Review)
Review
A rapidly growing body of evidence highlighted that histamine, a small biogenic amine, is implicated in the regulation of DC (dendritic cell) functions. It is well established that DCs represent the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the body, linking innate and acquired immunity and regulating the outcome of immune responses. Signals, associated with ongoing inflammation and uptake of foreign antigens, promote maturation of DCs and activation of T-cell responses in secondary lymphatic organs. These bone marrow-derived cells patrol continuously all over the body. During their persistent migration, several mediators may influence the behaviour and functions of DCs. Histamine, produced by mast cells, basophils or DCs themselves, may have an important role in the life cycle of DCs. From the differentiation, through their never-ending circulation, until the induction of T-cell response, histamine is present and influences the life cycle of DCs. Here, we summarize recent progress in histamine research with respect to DC functions. We also point out some controversial aspects of histamine action on DCs.
Topics: Antigen Presentation; Cell Movement; Dendritic Cells; Endocytosis; Histamine; Humans; Receptors, Histamine; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 21933149
DOI: 10.1042/CBI20100844 -
Immunotherapy Sep 2010Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that initiate, regulate and shape the induction of specific immune responses. The ability to use dendritic... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that initiate, regulate and shape the induction of specific immune responses. The ability to use dendritic cells in the induction of antigen-specific tolerance, antigen-specific immunity or specific differentiation of T-helper subsets holds great promise in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy of various diseases such as cancer, viral infections, allergy, as well as autoimmunity. Replication-incompetent HIV-1-based lentiviral vector is now emerging as a promising delivery system to genetically modify dendritic cells through antigen recognition, costimulatory molecules and/or polarization signals for the manipulation of antigen-specific immunity in vivo. This article discusses some of the recent advances in the uses of lentiviral vectors in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Immunity; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Lentivirus; Lentivirus Infections
PubMed: 20874652
DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.44