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Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. :... Nov 2008Dendritic cells have been considered an immune cell type that is specialized for the presentation of Ag to naive T cells. Considerable effort has been applied to... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells have been considered an immune cell type that is specialized for the presentation of Ag to naive T cells. Considerable effort has been applied to separate their lineage, pathways of differentiation, and effectiveness in Ag presentation from those of macrophages. This review summarizes evidence that dendritic cells are a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system and are derived from a common precursor, responsive to the same growth factors (including CSF-1), express the same surface markers (including CD11c), and have no unique adaptation for Ag presentation that is not shared by other macrophages.
Topics: Animals; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Biomarkers; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Macrophages; Mice
PubMed: 18941170
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.5829 -
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII Mar 2004Dendritic cells (DCs) are nature's best antigen-presenting cells. They possess attributes that allow them to effectively fulfill the requirements for priming/activating... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are nature's best antigen-presenting cells. They possess attributes that allow them to effectively fulfill the requirements for priming/activating T cells and mediating tumor-specific immune responses. In this review, emphasis is placed on those aspects of DC biology that best illustrate their usefulness in immunotherapy of cancer. Culture, maturation, and polarization conditions for human DC are discussed, as are strategies for antigen-loading of DCs and for their delivery to patients with cancer. A concise recommendation for monitoring of DC-based vaccination trails is provided.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 14685779
DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0468-6 -
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Dec 2005Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells. To accomplish their biological function they need to undergo a complex pattern of migration which... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells. To accomplish their biological function they need to undergo a complex pattern of migration which includes their localization to both peripheral non-lymphoid tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. In the absence of correct tissue localization, DC fail to promote proper immune responses. The first description of chemotactic factors active on DC was published by this group 10 years ago. Since then, it was described that multiple signals are able to regulate the migration of DC in vitro and in vivo. These signals include nonchemokine chemotactic agonists, lipid mediators and membrane proteins. This review summarizes this large body of information and focuses on the complexity of the process of DC trafficking.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Chemokines; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Factors
PubMed: 15963754
DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.04.008 -
Journal of Clinical Immunology Mar 2005Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells that are central to the induction and regulation of immunity. This review discusses recent advances in the... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells that are central to the induction and regulation of immunity. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of dendritic cell biology.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigens; Cell Differentiation; Dendritic Cells; Humans; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 15821885
DOI: 10.1007/s10875-005-2814-2 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2018The identity of Langerhans cells (LCs) has been called into question of late due to the increasing evidence that LCs originate from macrophage lineage instead of... (Review)
Review
The identity of Langerhans cells (LCs) has been called into question of late due to the increasing evidence that LCs originate from macrophage lineage instead of dendritic cell (DC) lineage as previously thought. For many years, LCs have been assumed to be DCs due to its migratory capabilities. However, recent studies have demonstrated that LCs are from macrophage lineage of the adult fetal liver (FL) progenitor. LCs are now considered tissue-resident macrophages as they originate from the FL as shown by fate mapping models. In recent years, studies have shown that there are three types of antigen-presenting cells present in the epidermis, such as LCs, monocyte-derived LC-like cells, and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDECs). Of these, LC-like cells have been characterized in both human and mouse studies, while IDECs have only been described in human studies. This has shed a new light on the area of epidermal macrophages, suggesting that there might be a misidentification and misclassification of LCs. IDECs and LC-like cells have been shown to be present in both steady state and inflammatory state, but they are present in more significant amounts under inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis, ultra violet injury, and psoriasis. In this review, we discuss what is already known and discuss the possible roles of LCs, LC-like cells, and IDECs during inflammation. Most intriguingly, we discuss the possibility of LCs having a dual identity as both a macrophage and a DC. This is shown as LCs are the only tissue-resident macrophage to have shown migratory property-like DCs.
Topics: Animals; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Dendritic Cells; Dermatitis; Disease Susceptibility; Epidermal Cells; Epidermis; Humans; Langerhans Cells; Macrophages; Monocytes; Phenotype
PubMed: 30105033
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01768 -
Immunology Letters May 2008Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immune responses. As key mediators of T cell dependent immunity, DCs are... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immune responses. As key mediators of T cell dependent immunity, DCs are considered primary targets for initiating immune responses in infectious diseases and cancer. Conversely, DCs can also play an important role in the induction of tolerance in organ transplantation, autoimmune disorders and allergy. While DCs have been used in clinical trials worldwide during the past decade, many of the highly specialized cell biological characteristics of DCs remain poorly understood. Small numbers of DCs can be isolated as terminally differentiated, post-mitotic cells form either blood or spleen. Alternatively, DC-precursors, such as monocytes or bone marrow-derived stem cells, can be isolated and differentiated into DCs in vitro. The relative low numbers of cells that can thus be obtained, combined with difficulties manipulating these terminally differentiated primary cells in vitro and in vivo, have seriously hampered studies aimed at exploring the cell biology of DCs. Good model cell lines therefore provide invaluable tools to study DC biology. So far most DC models are myeloid leukemia-derived cell lines that can be differentiated in vitro towards a DC phenotype. Here, we compared the phenotypical and functional characteristics of frequently used mouse and human DC-model cell lines. We conclude that, although none of these cell lines fully recapitulates all cell biological or immunological features of primary DCs, some of these cell lines provide valuable tools to study specific aspects of DC biology.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigens, Differentiation; Cell Adhesion; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Movement; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Species Specificity
PubMed: 18384885
DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.02.003 -
Experimental Hematology Oct 2012Histone deacetylase inhibitors are presently used in the routine clinic treatment against cancers. Recent data have established that some of these treatments have potent... (Review)
Review
Histone deacetylase inhibitors are presently used in the routine clinic treatment against cancers. Recent data have established that some of these treatments have potent anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory effects at noncytotoxic doses that might be of benefit in immuno-inflammatory disorders or post-transplantation. At least some of these effects result from the ability of histone deacetylase inhibitors to modulate the immune system. Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells that play a major role in this immune system. Data summarized in this review brings some novel information on the impact of histone deacetylase inhibitors on dendritic cell functions, which may have broader implications for immunotherapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Humans; Inflammation; Neoplasms; Organ Transplantation; Transplantation Immunology
PubMed: 22728031
DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.06.008 -
Immunology and Cell Biology Aug 2003Dendritic cells are bone marrow-derived professional antigen presenting cells that play major roles in both the induction of primary immune responses and tolerance. It... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells are bone marrow-derived professional antigen presenting cells that play major roles in both the induction of primary immune responses and tolerance. It has become clear that dendritic cells are a heterogeneous group of cells that vary in cell surface marker expression and function. Multiple dendritic cell subsets have now been defined in mouse lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues. A knowledge of the function and relationship between dendritic cell subsets will be essential for understanding the regulation of immune homeostasis, immune responses and tolerance. While an increasing number of dendritic cell progenitors are being identified, the pathways that connect them remain unclear. In addition, it is unclear whether the functional divisions reflect maturation status, subset specialization or functional plasticity in response to specific pathogen and environmental signals. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the function and lineage relationship of dendritic cell subsets. It also discusses some of the difficulties associated with dendritic cell subset analysis.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cell Movement; Dendritic Cells; Lymphoid Tissue; Mice; Myeloid Cells
PubMed: 12848845
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01165.x -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Mar 2002Dendritic cells (DCs) collect and process antigens for presentation to T cells, but there are many variations on this basic theme. DCs differ in the regulatory signals... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) collect and process antigens for presentation to T cells, but there are many variations on this basic theme. DCs differ in the regulatory signals they transmit, directing T cells to different types of immune response or to tolerance. Although many DC subtypes arise from separate developmental pathways, their development and function are modulated by exogenous factors. Therefore, we must study the dynamics of the DC network in response to microbial invasion. Despite the difficulty of comparing the DC systems of humans and mice, recent work has revealed much common ground.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Mice; Stem Cells; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 11913066
DOI: 10.1038/nri746 -
Hormone and Metabolic Research =... Feb 2008Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly potent antigen-presenting cells crucial for the innate and adaptive immune response and for maintaining immune tolerance towards... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly potent antigen-presenting cells crucial for the innate and adaptive immune response and for maintaining immune tolerance towards self-antigens. Although they share many common features, multiple DC subtypes with different immune functions have been identified. Originally, DCs were considered to be cells with purely myeloid origin. Recent studies have now demonstrated that DCs can also develop from lymphatic progenitors. Various cytokines and transcription factors are known to be responsible for the development of DC subpopulation. Depending on the subpopulation and the maturation state of these cells, they are either able to induce a broad cytotoxic immune response, and therefore represent a promising tool for anticancer vaccination therapies in humans or induce immune tolerance and are important within the context of autoimmunity. This review will focus on recent advances on the identification of different DC subpopulations including phenotypical and functional differences and on recent developments on protocols for IN VITRO generation of myeloid-derived DCs.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Separation; Cytokines; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Myeloid Progenitor Cells
PubMed: 18283627
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1022561