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Disability and Rehabilitation Mar 1997This paper critically reviews medical approaches to the identification and treatment of disability. The medical model locates disability within individuals. By contrast,... (Review)
Review
This paper critically reviews medical approaches to the identification and treatment of disability. The medical model locates disability within individuals. By contrast, this paper argues that disability cannot be understood outside its social context. As such, some of the assumptions about normality and difference which underpin traditional approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of disabled people are challenged. If it is accepted that disability is located not solely within the mind or body of an individual, but rather in the relationship between people with particular bodily and intellectual differences and their social environment, then greater focus may be placed on ameliorating disability through changes in social policy, culture and institutional practices.
Topics: Disabled Persons; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Models, Theoretical; Social Environment
PubMed: 9134350
DOI: 10.3109/09638289709166831 -
Disability and Rehabilitation Jun 2019Existing research has explored the barriers and facilitators of physical activity participation for young people with disability from the perspective of young people and...
Barriers and facilitators to physical activity participation for children with physical disability: comparing and contrasting the views of children, young people, and their clinicians.
PURPOSE
Existing research has explored the barriers and facilitators of physical activity participation for young people with disability from the perspective of young people and their families. However, little research has investigated the views of clinicians who facilitate access to physical activity programs and compared this with their child client's perspectives.
METHOD
Interviews were conducted with six allied health and sports development professionals associated with a programme which supports access to recreation and sporting activities. Interviews explored facilitators and barriers to physical activity experienced by their clients. Open-ended survey questions investigating barriers and facilitators of physical activity participation were also completed by 28 young people with disability aged 10-17 years who were clients of this programme.
RESULTS
The most salient facilitator of participation described by clinicians was "planning programs to promote success and inclusion." Young people described two main facilitators; "the right people make physical activity fun!" and, similar to clinicians, "appropriate and inclusive opportunities to be active." The most salient barriers identified by clinicians were "practical limitations" and "time constraints and priorities," and a novel barrier raised was "whose choice?" The "lack of accessible and inclusive opportunities" was the most pertinent barrier for young people.
CONCLUSIONS
Clinicians should determine both parent and young person commitment to a physical activity before enrolment. Lack of commitment can act as a barrier to physical activity and a more appropriate intervention could focus on increasing awareness of the benefits of being active, drawing on a Stages of Change based model of service delivery. Implications for rehabilitation Rehabilitation professionals seeking to increase physical activity participation for young people with physical disability should discuss readiness and motivation to change prior to any activity/sports referral. Different behaviour change processes are required for young people and for their parents and both are important to achieve physical activity participation. Regular monitoring is important to identify on-going physical and psychological barriers to participation, even for those who were already active. Clinicians should be aware that teenagers may be more ready to be active as they develop greater independence and should raise awareness of the benefits of physical activity.
Topics: Adolescent; Architectural Accessibility; Attitude of Health Personnel; Attitude to Health; Australia; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Communication Barriers; Disabled Children; Disabled Persons; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Motivation; Needs Assessment; Social Participation; Sports for Persons with Disabilities
PubMed: 29382235
DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1432702 -
Rehabilitation Psychology May 2019The purpose of this conceptual paper was to put forth a call for rehabilitation practitioners to consider their role in developing disability identity in their clients,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this conceptual paper was to put forth a call for rehabilitation practitioners to consider their role in developing disability identity in their clients, and to understand this action as a form of allyship toward the disability community.
METHOD
This conceptual paper is organized to engage existing disability and disability-identity literature and its clinical implications. Practical tools and skills are offered for rehabilitation practitioners to develop disability identity and engage in disability allyship.
RESULTS
An overview of disability identity and its relationship to clinical practice is presented by way of a literature review. Conversation starters and two activities are presented for rehabilitation practitioners to develop and engage with clients about their disability identities. Descriptions of allyship actions for practitioners are presented.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION
In this conceptual paper, we framed disability in terms of both the medical and social models and argues that thinking about disability identity requires attention to the social model of disability. This attention is important, because it allows practitioners to think about themselves as allies to a particular community, rather than experts who must only "fix" clients' disabilities to elicit positive identity development. This shift toward allyship requires attention, engagement, and openness to see clients simultaneously as individuals and as members of a powerful, diverse community with a unique identity experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Disabled Persons; Humans; Psychology; Social Identification
PubMed: 30489124
DOI: 10.1037/rep0000256 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Apr 2017Healthy sexual development is important for adolescents with and without disabilities, yet the topic of sexuality is often ignored in the disabled population.... (Review)
Review
Healthy sexual development is important for adolescents with and without disabilities, yet the topic of sexuality is often ignored in the disabled population. Adolescents with mild or moderate degrees of disability have rates of sexual activity and reproductive health needs comparable to their typically developing peers. Their need for support, risk reduction, and education in sexual health may exceed that of their peers. The medical provider may support healthy sexual development through education, anticipatory guidance, menstrual and contraceptive management, and by expanding the notion of sexuality to include a broader conceptualization of sexual behavior and expression.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Disabled Persons; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Psychosexual Development; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; Social Support
PubMed: 28292457
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.011 -
Rehabilitation Psychology May 2019To inform the field of rehabilitation psychology about the sociocultural implications of the term "disability," and explain the rationale behind the #SaytheWord... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To inform the field of rehabilitation psychology about the sociocultural implications of the term "disability," and explain the rationale behind the #SaytheWord movement, a social media call to embrace disability identity.
METHOD
Review of the literature on disability terminology, the history of language use, and the relationship between attitudes toward disability and language. We reflect on the role of disability within the field of psychology and within the American Psychological Association (APA), including the underrepresentation of disabled psychologists and trainees with disabilities and the lack of mentorship opportunities available in the field.
IMPLICATIONS
The authors argue that erasure of the word "disability" can have unintended and adverse consequences. We describe how erasure of disability identity in the context of current sociopolitical efforts to reduce and eliminate public services and supports for people with disabilities is especially threatening to members of the disability community. To move forward, the authors postulate that the disability movement must reconcile its own history of exclusion and adopt a disability justice framework.
CONCLUSION
The field of psychology has a rich tradition of appreciation of cultural diversity and individual difference; yet, disability has largely been left out of these efforts. The disability movement is moving toward the status of a diverse cultural group with a social justice agenda parallel to those of other marginalized communities. The authors posit that psychology must play a stronger role in advancing the human rights of people with disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Attitude to Health; Culture; Disabled Persons; Humans; Language; Prejudice; Social Justice
PubMed: 30762412
DOI: 10.1037/rep0000258 -
Prosthetics and Orthotics International Sep 2008Moving beyond Disability was the theme of the 12th World Congress of the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics. This paper is a reflection of one of the... (Review)
Review
Moving beyond Disability was the theme of the 12th World Congress of the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics. This paper is a reflection of one of the keynote lectures discussing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Multicultural aspects in disability and sexuality in amputees will be discussed within the ICF perspective. Finally, Internet and research in the light of having a disability are positioned within the theme.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adaptation, Psychological; Disabled Persons; Humans; Quality of Life
PubMed: 18609035
DOI: 10.1080/03093640802067061 -
Substance Use & Misuse 2023According to the social model of disability, it is not individuals' impairments, but societal barriers that cause these impairments to be disabling. Impairment refers to...
According to the social model of disability, it is not individuals' impairments, but societal barriers that cause these impairments to be disabling. Impairment refers to the "loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function," whereas disability is socially constructed and refers to the inability to independently complete one or more everyday tasks at a "normal" level of functioning. Existing research finds that disability serves as a chronic stressor, and those with disabilities report higher rates of substance use than their able-bodied counterparts. Therefore, this research will be among the first to combine the social model of disability with the stress process framework. It will examine the relationship between impairment and substance use and how disability, as a measure of chronic stress, may affect this relationship. More specifically, using data from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health ( = 42,739), this article examines the following two research questions: (1) What is the relationship between impairment and substance use disorder? and (2) Does disability, as a measure of chronic stress, mediate the relationship between impairment and substance use disorder? Findings reveal that those with an impairment have significantly greater odds of having a substance use disorder. However, the relationship between impairment and substance use disorder is fully mediated by disability. These findings indicate that disability or the chronic stress one faces living in an inaccessible society, not one's impairments, are what accounts for the increased likelihood of substance use disorder among individuals with disabilities.
Topics: Humans; Disabled Persons; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 36510828
DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2155475 -
Bundesgesundheitsblatt,... Sep 2016The article presents disability studies and elaborates, as their central feature, the distinction between societal disability and impairment which can be described on an... (Review)
Review
The article presents disability studies and elaborates, as their central feature, the distinction between societal disability and impairment which can be described on an individual and medical level. Disability studies define disability as socially caused exclusion. Participation and inclusion, seen as sociopolitical control and counter-terms, do, in fact, have a different content, depending on usage and context. Using the example of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD), the respective understanding of disability is depicted. Against this background, the deficits of implementation of the UN CRPD, as criticized by the responsible UN Committee, are shown. Finally, a research agenda for disability studies is outlined, that deals with, among other things, implementation strategies and conflicts of interest in terms of inclusion, furthering widely unquestioned economic conditions and especially the negative impact of European austerity politics.
Topics: Disability Evaluation; Disabled Persons; Europe; Health Policy; Health Services Research; Humans; Social Isolation; Social Marginalization; Social Participation
PubMed: 27492313
DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2394-8 -
BMC Psychiatry Nov 2012Schizophrenia is a significantly disabling disease that affects all major areas of life. There is a lack of comprehensive synthesis of research findings on the full... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Schizophrenia is a significantly disabling disease that affects all major areas of life. There is a lack of comprehensive synthesis of research findings on the full extent of psychosocial difficulties (PSDs) experienced by people living with schizophrenia. This paper provides a systematic review of the literature concerning PSDs and their associated factors in schizophrenia. PSDs were conceptualized in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as disabilities, in particular impairments of mental functions, activity limitations and participation restrictions.
METHODS
An electronic search using MEDLINE and PsychINFO plus a manual search of the literature was performed for qualitative and longitudinal studies published in English between 2005 and 2010 that examined PSDs in persons with schizophrenia. The ICF was used as a conceptual framework.
RESULTS
A total of 104 papers were included. The most frequent PSDs addressed in the literature were not specific ones, directly linkable to the ICF categories of mental functions, activity limitations or participation restrictions, but broad areas of psychosocial functioning, such as psychopathological symptoms (53% of papers) or global disability and functioning (37%). Among mental functions, the most extensively studied were cognitive functions (27%) and emotional functions (27%). Within the domain of activities and participation, the most widely investigated were difficulties in relationships with others (31%) and employment (20%). Of the factors associated with the intensity or course of PSDs, the most commonly identified were treatment modalities (56%), psychopathological symptoms (26%), and socio-demographic variables (24%). Medication tended to improve the most relevant PSD, but at the same time was the only consistently reported determinant of onset of PSDs (emerging as unwanted side-effects).
CONCLUSIONS
The present review illustrates the remarkably broad scope and diversity of psychosocial areas affected in schizophrenia and shows how these areas are interconnected and how they interact with contextual factors. The need for a shift in focus of schizophrenia research is suggested--from an excessive reliance on global measures of psychopathology and disability for defining outcomes to the creation of profiles of specific PSDs that have a more direct bearing on the disabling experience and real-world functioning of patients and can serve to guide interventions and monitoring over time.
Topics: Disabled Persons; Humans; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology
PubMed: 23137171
DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-193 -
Rehabilitation Nursing : the Official... 2003A goal of rehabilitation nursing is to advance the care of persons with chronic disabling conditions by minimizing disability. There are two distinct perpectives in the... (Review)
Review
A goal of rehabilitation nursing is to advance the care of persons with chronic disabling conditions by minimizing disability. There are two distinct perpectives in the literature about how to conceptualize disability. Definitions and models of disability that inform rehabilitation nursing practice are based on a functionalist perspective of illness and locate disability as a problem of individual functioning. Alternatively, there are definitions and models that have evolved from the civil rights and social justice perspectives, and that locate the problem of disability within a disabling society. Recent attempts to integrate these two perspectives are based on earlier rehabilitation models and the functionalist assumptions remain. Rehabilitation nursing research and practice based on either of these two perspectives is fragmented and incomplete. To know how to define and approach disability-related issues, it is important to understand how people living with disability perceive its influences on their lives.
Topics: Attitude to Health; Disabled Persons; Humans; Models, Nursing; Nursing Research; Philosophy, Nursing; Rehabilitation Nursing
PubMed: 12747245
DOI: 10.1002/j.2048-7940.2003.tb02037.x