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Zoonoses and Public Health Aug 2021Disinfectants for veterinary and livestock use, plus skin antiseptics, are critical elements for the control of infectious agents, including zoonotic and... (Review)
Review
Disinfectants for veterinary and livestock use, plus skin antiseptics, are critical elements for the control of infectious agents, including zoonotic and antimicrobial-resistant micro-organisms, in managed animal species. Such agents impact animal welfare, economic performance and human health. Testing of disinfectants is needed for safety, efficacy and quality control. The present review examines the principal types of test (carrier, suspension, surface and field) that have been developed or attempted, plus the features inherent in the respective tests, particularly with respect to variability. Elements of testing that have to be controlled, or which can be manipulated, are discussed in the context of real-world scenarios and anticipated applications. Current national and international testing regimes are considered, with an emphasis on the UK, continental Europe and North America, and with further detail provided in the Supporting Information. Challenges to disinfectant efficacy include: the nature of the biological targets (bacteria, fungi, yeasts, spores, viruses and prions), the need for economical and safe working concentrations, the physical and chemical nature of contaminated surfaces, constraints on contact times and temperatures, the presence of organic soil and other barrier or neutralising substances (including biofilms), and thoroughness of pre-cleaning and disinfectant application. The principal challenges with veterinary disinfectant testing are the control of test variability, and relating test results to likely performance in variable field conditions. Despite some ambitions to develop standardised field tests for disinfectants, aside from skin antiseptic trials the myriad problems such tests pose with respect to cost, reproducibility and generalisability remain intractable.
Topics: Agriculture; Animal Welfare; Animals; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 33939312
DOI: 10.1111/zph.12830 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... 2019"Ready-to-use" disinfecting wipes (also known as pre-impregnated disinfecting wipe) are broadly used in food industry and domestic situations. Their application in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
"Ready-to-use" disinfecting wipes (also known as pre-impregnated disinfecting wipe) are broadly used in food industry and domestic situations. Their application in hospitals and healthcare centres for decontamination of medical devices and surfaces is steadily increasing because of their convenient implementation in practice and reliable performance. Beside their acceptable compliance and easy application, literature reported the disinfection failure due to the interaction between textile substrate and active ingredients, which can highly increase the risk of an infection outbreak. This review aims to call attention to the wide range of variables affecting the disinfectant-impregnated wipes' (DIWs) disinfection performances in hospitals.
METHODS
A systematic literature search based on the five categories i. wipes, ii. disinfectants, iii. Application methods, iv. interaction between wipes and active ingredients and v. wiping strategy which can possibly influence the disinfection effectiveness of DIWs was conducted by Google scholar. Studies regarding the efficacy evaluation of DIWs in clinical applications were also reviewed from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database.
RESULTS
Variables that impact on the disinfection performance of disinfectant-impregnated wipes in surface disinfection in hospitals were summarised and critically discussed. In addition to the information, current disinfectant-impregnated wipes' decontamination efficacy test standards were reviewed, and different standards exposed some disadvantage in their testing design.
CONCLUSION
Various parameters contribute to the impact of DIWs disinfection performance in practice. The interaction between disinfectant active ingredients and the wiping materials barricades their broad application in hospitals. More studies of the DIWs' disinfection efficacy in clinical practice are in need. Current standards evaluating the DIWs' efficacy are required to improve for more realistic condition simulation and differentiating between mechanical removal of inoculum from a surface and chemical inactivation of the test microbe.
Topics: Cross Infection; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Environmental Microbiology; Equipment Contamination; Humans
PubMed: 31452873
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0595-2 -
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science... 2020For manufacturers of both sterile and nonsterile pharmaceuticals, there is an expectation that the manufacturing process is performed in a manner that prevents... (Review)
Review
For manufacturers of both sterile and nonsterile pharmaceuticals, there is an expectation that the manufacturing process is performed in a manner that prevents extraneous contamination so that the products are provided in a safe, integral, pure, and unadulterated form. As part of that process, cleaning and disinfection are an absolute necessity. Although cleaning and disinfection support control of microbial contamination through preventive and corrective action, specific compendia methods do not currently exist. The intent of this paper is to provide a general guidance on how to perform disinfectant efficacy validation and implementation. This includes how to make sure the concepts are understood, how to interpret facility data and utilize it to demonstrate control awareness for your facilities, and how to leverage the data to reduce redundancies in validation or verification. This paper represents the thoughts and best practices of the authoring team and their respective companies and provides an efficient way to qualify disinfectants without impacting the quality of the study. If you choose to follow the recommendations in this paper, you must ensure that the appropriate rationale is sound and the scientific data is documented. It is the belief of the authoring team that only then will this approach meet regulatory requirements.
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Drug Contamination; Environmental Monitoring; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 31732692
DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2018.009662 -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Dec 2014This article aims to provide a brief review of the main concepts on which the prevention and control of infection are based. Antisepsis comprises a set of techniques... (Review)
Review
This article aims to provide a brief review of the main concepts on which the prevention and control of infection are based. Antisepsis comprises a set of techniques aimed at the total sterilization, or at most, disinfection, removing germs that contaminate an environment. Both procedures must be preceded by an environmental cleanup in the location in which they intend to be applied. The disinfection is carried out using biocides or germicides. Antimicrobial chemicals, that have mechanisms of action and resistances very similar to antibiotics, are generating concern due to the possibility of crossing genetic information that aggravates the problem of bacterial resistance. Most biocides can act as antiseptics, and applied to skin tissue, or disinfectants on inanimate materials. The spectrum of action of germicides depends on the product itself and external controllable factors: temperature, concentration, exposure time, etc. Sterilization techniques are primarily physical, by exposing the material to steam, or sterilizing gas, using autoclaves. Major advances are the use of low temperatures with shorter exposure times, in parallel with technological advances in instrumentation in order to avoid high temperatures and high use rotations due to workload.
Topics: Antisepsis; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Drug Resistance; Equipment Contamination; Humans; Infection Control; Skin; Sterilization
PubMed: 25023372
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.04.003 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Nov 2021Emergent diseases caused by viral and bacterial infections have proven to be a current and future challenge. The occurrence of these diseases is usually accompanied by... (Review)
Review
Emergent diseases caused by viral and bacterial infections have proven to be a current and future challenge. The occurrence of these diseases is usually accompanied by the lack of vaccines and dedicated therapies leaving prevention as the best strategy to adopt. In that context, and apart from confinement and physical distancing measures, an increase in hygiene actions, namely hand and surface cleaning and disinfection can reduce the infection spread originated from our day-to-day routines. However, during crisis situations the high disinfectants demand can very likely lead to having them running out of stock. This impels many individuals and companies to produce their own disinfectants. Here, we explore the main components of a disinfection formulation, both for hand-rub and surface cleaning. Alcohol and non-alcohol based formulations are described, including the possibility to fine tune the properties of the final product in order to increase public acceptance while maintaining product efficacy. The action mechanisms of the main active principles are also described conjugating information from experimental and theoretical data. Overall, the main aspects to develop a disinfectant formulation are addressed, as well as their function, helping formulation developers to better understand the impact of their choices.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiviral Agents; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Ethanol; Hand Sanitizers; Humans
PubMed: 34592397
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121139 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2019Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) can be caused by microorganisms present in common practice instruments generating major health problems in the hospital...
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) can be caused by microorganisms present in common practice instruments generating major health problems in the hospital environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the disinfection capacity of a portable ultraviolet C equipment (UV Sanitizer Corvent -UVSC-) developed to disinfect different objects. For this purpose, six pathogens causing HAIs: , , , , and , were inoculated on slides and discs of different biomaterials (borosilicate, polycarbonate, polyurethane, silicone, Teflon and titanium) and exposed to ultraviolet C radiation. UVSC disinfection was compared with ethanol and chlorhexidine antimicrobial activities following the standards EN14561 and EN14562. Disinfection, established as a reduction of five logarithms from the initial inoculum, was achieved with the UVSC at 120 s of exposure time, with and without the presence of organic matter. The disinfectant effect was observed against , , , and (reduction >99.999%). Disinfection was also achieved with 70% ethanol and 2% chlorhexidine. As conclusion, UVSC was effective disinfecting the most contaminated surfaces assayed, being a promising alternative for disinfecting hospital materials and inanimate objects that cannot be immersed in liquid biocides, reducing the risk of pathogen transmission.
Topics: Biofilms; Cross Infection; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Equipment Contamination; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 31783593
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234747 -
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science... Jan 2017
Topics: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Drug Industry; Environment, Controlled; Equipment Contamination; Humans
PubMed: 27789801
DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2016.006700 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Nov 2020Pre-wetted disinfectant wipes are increasingly being used in healthcare facilities to help address the risk of healthcare associated infections (HAIs). However, HAIs are...
BACKGROUND
Pre-wetted disinfectant wipes are increasingly being used in healthcare facilities to help address the risk of healthcare associated infections (HAIs). However, HAIs are still a major problem in the US with Clostridioides difficile being the most common cause, leading to approximately 12,800 deaths annually in the US. An underexplored risk when using disinfectant wipes is that they may cross-contaminate uncontaminated surfaces during the wiping process. The objective of this study was to determine the cross-contamination risk that pre-wetted disinfectant towelettes may pose when challenged with C. difficile spores. We hypothesized that although the tested disinfectant wipes had no sporicidal claims, they will reduce spore loads. We also hypothesized that hydrogen peroxide disinfectant towelettes would present a lower cross-contamination risk than quaternary ammonium products.
METHODS
We evaluated the risk of cross-contamination when disinfectant wipes are challenged with C. difficile ATCC 43598 spores on Formica surfaces. A disinfectant wipe was used to wipe a Formica sheet inoculated with C. difficile. After the wiping process, we determined log CFU on previously uncontaminated pre-determined distances from the inoculation point and on the used wipes.
RESULTS
We found that the disinfectant wipes transferred C. difficile spores from inoculated surfaces to previously uncontaminated surfaces. We also found that wipes physically removed C. difficile spores and that hydrogen peroxide disinfectants were more sporicidal than the quaternary ammonium disinfectants.
CONCLUSION
Regardless of the product type, all disinfectant wipes had some sporicidal effect but transferred C. difficile spores from contaminated to otherwise previously uncontaminated surfaces. Disinfectant wipes retain C. difficile spores during and after the wiping process.
Topics: Clostridioides difficile; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Hydrogen Peroxide; Spores, Bacterial
PubMed: 33148316
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00844-0 -
Contact Dermatitis Jul 2021
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Burns, Chemical; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Irritant; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans
PubMed: 33527418
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13800 -
American Journal of Infection Control May 2013The United States Environmental Protection Agency regulates pesticidal products, including products with antimicrobial activity. Test guidelines have been established to... (Review)
Review
The United States Environmental Protection Agency regulates pesticidal products, including products with antimicrobial activity. Test guidelines have been established to inform manufacturers of which methodology is appropriate to support a specific efficacy claim. This paper highlights efforts designed to improve current methods and the development and assessment of new test methods.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Public Health; United States; United States Environmental Protection Agency
PubMed: 23622754
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2012.11.007