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IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of... 1999
Review
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Chromosome Aberrations; Ethylene Dibromide; Humans; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Occupational Exposure; Salmonella typhimurium
PubMed: 10476466
DOI: No ID Found -
Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 1988
Review
Topics: Animals; Ethylene Dibromide; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Brominated
PubMed: 3062693
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8785-5_10 -
JAMA
Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Ethylene Dibromide; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Male
PubMed: 3889387
DOI: No ID Found -
Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 1990Since the 1920s ethylene dibromide's (EDB's) primary use has been as a scavenger of lead compounds in gasoline. Gasoline evaporation contributed to EDB emissions into... (Review)
Review
Since the 1920s ethylene dibromide's (EDB's) primary use has been as a scavenger of lead compounds in gasoline. Gasoline evaporation contributed to EDB emissions into the environment. In 1973, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued regulations to reduce the use of leaded gasoline and this has resulted in lower EDB usage and emissions. In addition, EDB has been used extensively as a fumigant since 1948. Its volatility and versatility, based on chemical and biocidal properties, led to its use as a soil sterilant, as a spot fumigant of grain milling machinery, and as a control agent in grain, fruit and vegetable infestations. In 1977 the EPA began a review of EDB's pesticidal uses which eventually led to its cancellation for most agricultural applications. Disposal of EDB and contamination of water supplies remain major environmental concerns. EDB can be absorbed via the dermal, oral and inhalation routes. It appears to be metabolized in vivo by an oxidative pathway (cytochrome P-450) and a conjugation pathway (glutathione S-transferase). The metabolites play an important role in exerting its toxicity. Few human poisonings have been reported from either acute or chronic exposure. However, EDB is irritating to the skin and eyes. Limited information indicates that EDB can damage the liver and kidneys following extensive or prolonged exposure. The genotoxicity of EDB has been clearly demonstrated. It binds to DNA in vivo and in vitro, and a DNA adduct has been identified. EDB has been shown to be mutagenic in numerous bacterial assays, in fungi, in plants, in insects, and in mammalian cell culture. Some evidence indicates that EDB can cause sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations. EDB is a reproductive toxin, but it does not appear to be teratogenic. It has been shown to affect spermatogenesis in rats, bulls and rams and to affect fertility in fowl. Human studies indicate that EDB exposure may harm sperm and decrease fertility. The toxic effect of greatest concern that may result from EDB exposure is cancer. In rats and mice, EDB produced tumors at the application site and at distant sites. When given orally, EDB has produced tumors in the forestomach, lung, and the circulatory system. When administered by inhalation, EDB produced tumors in the nasal cavity, lung, and the circulatory system. Dermal application of EDB produced skin and lung tumors. Analyses of risks from EDB exposure have focused on potential carcinogenic effects. Initial risk estimates, based on animal studies, indicated that citrus workers had essentially a 100% chance of contracting cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Topics: Ethylene Dibromide; Humans; Risk
PubMed: 2405459
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3342-8_2 -
JAMA Jun 1978
Topics: Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Drug Synergism; Environmental Exposure; Ethylene Dibromide; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Neoplasms
PubMed: 349188
DOI: 10.1001/jama.239.26.2783 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Jan 1983
Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Ethylene Dibromide; Female; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Male; Mice; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344
PubMed: 6337831
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8347359 -
Journal of Molecular Graphics &... Mar 2020The interrelation of toxic vapors ethylene dichloride (EDC) and ethylene dibromide (EDB) with the sensory base material blue phosphorene nanosheet (BLPNS) is studied...
The interrelation of toxic vapors ethylene dichloride (EDC) and ethylene dibromide (EDB) with the sensory base material blue phosphorene nanosheet (BLPNS) is studied using ab-initio method. The formational stability of BLPNS is ensured by the negative value of formation energy. Prior to the adsorption studies, we calculated the formation energy of BLPNS to ensure its stability, which is calculated to beĀ -5.194eV/atom and found stable. The main motive behind the present work is to detect these toxic vapors using BLPNS. The intercommunication between the targeted vapors and the base material has been analyzed using the aid of adsorption energy, Bader charge transfer, energy band gap, and variation of band gap along with energy bands and DOS spectrum. The energy gap of isolated BLPNS is observed to be 1.621eV. However, the adsorption of EDC and EDB modulates the energy gap of BLPNS. The nature of assimilation is noticed to be of physisorption, which facilitates desorption of EDC and EDB molecules much easier. The successful outcome of the present research validates that BLPNS can be deployed as a prominent sensor for detection of EDC and EDB effectively.
Topics: Adsorption; Ethylene Dichlorides; Gases
PubMed: 31835076
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.107505 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Aug 1985Ethylene dibromide present at a low concentration (less than 100 micrograms/liter) was transformed by reductive dehalogenation under methanogenic conditions in batch...
Ethylene dibromide present at a low concentration (less than 100 micrograms/liter) was transformed by reductive dehalogenation under methanogenic conditions in batch bacterial cultures and in a continuous-flow, methanogenic, fixed-film, laboratory-scale column.
Topics: Biotransformation; Chromatography, Gas; Ethylene Dibromide; Euryarchaeota; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Methane
PubMed: 3901923
DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.2.527-528.1985 -
Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 1990Ethylene dibromide is a ground water pollutant principally as a result of its use as a soil pesticide and secondarily from spills or leaks of leaded gasoline in which it... (Review)
Review
Ethylene dibromide is a ground water pollutant principally as a result of its use as a soil pesticide and secondarily from spills or leaks of leaded gasoline in which it is an additive. The compound has been found in over 1900 wells in 4 countries: Japan, Israel, Australia, and the United States (10 states), typically at concentrations of 0.04-4 micrograms/L. The overall rate of detections in suspected areas is about 13%. Its use as a soil fumigant was banned in the US in 1983 because of its carcinogenicity. Concern over gasoline as a source should diminish as leaded fuels all but disappear from the market in many countries. The voluminous research and regulatory attention devoted to EDB has generated a picture, if not an entirely clear one, of how EDB behaves in the environment and what we can expect for the future. EDB is volatile, moderately water soluble, and has only weak equilibrium sorptive affinity for soil. Transport to ground water occurs by both vapor-phase diffusion and by advection with infiltrating water, depending on soil properties and precipitation and irrigation patterns. Models describing these processes have been developed and validated in part by laboratory experiments, but the complexity and heterogeneity of the field makes predictions difficult there. As with other pesticides, experience indicates that areas with permeable soils and shallow water tables are most vulnerable. However, EDB seems to have penetrated many tens of meters of unsaturated zone in some cases to reach the water table. Transport in ground water occurs with bulk water flow, subject to hydrodynamic dispersion effects common to all solutes, and subject to sorptive retardation. From equilibrium sorption partition coefficients, plume migration is likely to be a factor of 2-4 slower than bulk water flow. Hydrolysis is the most important abiotic reaction. The reaction is independent of pH in the range 4-9 and is probably uncatalyzed by particle surfaces. Both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms have been proposed. Estimates of the half-life range from 2-4 yr at 22-25 degrees C, to around two decades at 10 degrees C. These temperatures approximate subsurface conditions in warm climates (e.g., Florida) and temperate climates (e.g., New England), respectively. The major products are ethylene glycol and bromide ion. Both are of little concern at low concentrations. Vinyl bromide, which is a suspected carcinogen, is a minor product in lab studies, but so far there are no reports linking its presence with EDB in the field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Topics: Environmental Pollution; Ethylene Dibromide; Soil Pollutants; Water Pollution, Chemical
PubMed: 2405457
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3342-8_1 -
Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2004
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Coloring Agents; Environmental Exposure; Ethylene Dibromide; Female; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Male; Mice; Models, Biological; Pesticides; Rats
PubMed: 21089850
DOI: No ID Found