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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2012This chapter describes the isolation, culture and staining of primary osteoblasts from the calvaria and long bones of neonatal rats. The key advantages of this assay are...
This chapter describes the isolation, culture and staining of primary osteoblasts from the calvaria and long bones of neonatal rats. The key advantages of this assay are that it allows direct measurement of bone matrix deposition and mineralisation, as well as yielding good quantities of osteoblasts at defined stages of differentiation for molecular and histological analysis. A special focus of this chapter is on the role of β-glycerophosphate in cell-mediated mineralisation in these cultures.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Separation; Cells, Cultured; Glycerophosphates; Osteoblasts; Rats; Skull; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 22130920
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-415-5_3 -
Chemistry and Physics of Lipids Jun 1980Recent advances in the synthesis of phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines are described. Methods for the synthesis of some alkylacyl and... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in the synthesis of phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines are described. Methods for the synthesis of some alkylacyl and alk-1-enylacyl analogues of the common diacylglycerophospholipids are also discussed. In addition, synthetic routes are described, that lead to unusual phospholipids such as compounds containing the polar group at position 2 of the glycerol moiety, glycerophospholipids containing alkanolamines of different chain lengths, and glycolphospholipids. All of the common glycerophospholipids can be prepared without the use of protecting groups. Major advances in phospholipid synthesis involve the application of novel phosphorylating agents and the use of cyclic intermediates. Although phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylthreonines as well as phosphatidylglycerols and cardiolipins can be prepared by chemical synthesis, further systematic studies are required to work out procedures that lead to these compounds in high yields.
Topics: Cardiolipins; Glycerophosphates; Indicators and Reagents; Methods; Phosphatidic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphatidylglycerols; Phosphatidylserines; Phospholipids; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 6993032
DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(80)90061-4 -
International Journal of Biological... Jan 2019Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising approach for repairing diseased and damaged bone tissue. Injectable hydrogel based strategies offer a wide range of applications... (Review)
Review
Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising approach for repairing diseased and damaged bone tissue. Injectable hydrogel based strategies offer a wide range of applications in rapid recovery of bone defects by acting as filler materials and depots for delivering various bioactive molecules and averting the need for surgical intervention. Chitosan (CS), a natural polysaccharide, forms a thermosensitive injectable hydrogel through the addition of beta-glycerophosphate (β-GP). This hybrid hydrogel possesses numerous advantages namely mimicking native extracellular matrix (ECM) and providing an amenable microenvironment for cell growth. In this review, a brief insight into the gelation mechanism of CS/GP hydrogels, modifications, bioactive additives and their applications in treating bone defects are presented.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Chitosan; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Hydrogels; Injections; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 30291931
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.014 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Sep 1962
Topics: Glycerophosphates; Glycerophospholipids; Lipids; Phospholipids; Phosphotransferases
PubMed: 14003860
DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(62)90139-0 -
Journal of Lipid Research Sep 1967An enzyme (phosphatidyl glycerophosphate phosphatase) that catalyzes the formation of phosphatidyl glycerol from phosphatidyl glycerophosphate has been rendered soluble...
An enzyme (phosphatidyl glycerophosphate phosphatase) that catalyzes the formation of phosphatidyl glycerol from phosphatidyl glycerophosphate has been rendered soluble by treatment of the particulate fraction of E. coli with Triton X-100 in the presence of EDTA, and has been partially purified. The enzyme is specific for phosphatidyl glycerophosphate and does not catalyze the hydrolysis of other simple phosphomonoesters. It requires Mg(++) for activity and is inhibited by sulfhydryl agents. Some other properties of the enzyme are also described.
Topics: Chromatography; Edetic Acid; Escherichia coli; Glycerophosphates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnesium; Phospholipids; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Phosphorus Isotopes; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Surface-Active Agents; Tritium
PubMed: 4292860
DOI: No ID Found -
Progress in Lipid Research 1990
Review
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Ethanolamines; Fishes; Glycerophosphates; Mammals; Plants
PubMed: 2087478
DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(90)90004-5 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery Feb 2014Thermogelling chitosan (CS)/glycerophosphate (GP) solutions have been reported as a new type of parenteral in situ forming depot system. These free-flowing solutions at... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Thermogelling chitosan (CS)/glycerophosphate (GP) solutions have been reported as a new type of parenteral in situ forming depot system. These free-flowing solutions at ambient temperature turn into semi-solid hydrogels after parenteral administration.
AREAS COVERED
Formulation parameters such as CS physico-chemical characteristics, CS/gelling agent ratio or pH of the system, were acknowledged as key parameters affecting the solution stability, the sol/gel transition behavior and/or the final hydrogel structure. We discuss also the use of the standard CS/GP thermogels for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery and tissue engineering. Furthermore, this manuscript reviews the different strategies implemented to improve the hydrogel characteristics such as combination with carrier particles, replacement of GP, addition of a second polymer and chemical modification of CS.
EXPERT OPINION
The recent advances in the formulation of CS-based thermogelling systems already overcame several challenges faced by the standard CS/GP system. Dispersion of drug-loaded carrier particles into the thermogels allowed achieving prolonged release profiles for low molecular weight drugs; incorporation of an additional polymer enabled to strengthen the network, while the use of chemically modified CS led to enhanced pH sensitivity or biodegradability of the matrix.
Topics: Animals; Chitosan; Drug Delivery Systems; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Hydrogels; Temperature
PubMed: 24304097
DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.867326 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2013The standard procedure for the osteogenic differentiation of multipotent stem cells is treatment of a confluent monolayer with a cocktail of dexamethasone (Dex),... (Review)
Review
The standard procedure for the osteogenic differentiation of multipotent stem cells is treatment of a confluent monolayer with a cocktail of dexamethasone (Dex), ascorbic acid (Asc) and β-glycerophosphate (β-Gly). This review describes the effects of these substances on intracellular signaling cascades that lead to osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stroma-derived stem cells. We conclude that Dex induces Runx2 expression by FHL2/β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation and that Dex enhances Runx2 activity by upregulation of TAZ and MKP1. Asc leads to the increased secretion of collagen type I (Col1), which in turn leads to increased Col1/α2β1 integrin-mediated intracellular signaling. The phosphate from β-Gly serves as a source for the phosphate in hydroxylapatite and in addition influences intracellular signaling molecules. In this context we give special attention to the differences between dystrophic and bone-specific mineralization.
Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Bone Marrow Cells; Dexamethasone; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteogenesis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 24073831
DOI: 10.1186/scrt328 -
International Dental Journal 2004To review studies in the dental literature regarding the anti-caries mode of action of glycerophosphate with special reference to calcium glycerophosphate. The... (Review)
Review
To review studies in the dental literature regarding the anti-caries mode of action of glycerophosphate with special reference to calcium glycerophosphate. The cariostatic properties of calcium glycerophosphate have been demonstrated during numerous in vivo and in vitro studies. Several mechanisms have been suggested and these include plaque-pH buffering, elevation of plaque calcium and phosphate levels and direct interaction with dental mineral. There is credible evidence that calcium glycerophosphate has the potential to reduce the progression of caries via all of these mechanisms if it is applied frequently and at a sufficiently high concentration. Reduction of plaque mass has also been proposed as a cariostatic mechanism but this seems less likely. Animal studies have shown that the calcium glycerophosphate/sodium monofluorophosphate system can have a greater anti-caries effect than sodium monofluorophosphate alone and this was subsequently confirmed in a caries clinical trial. We conclude that elevation of calcium levels in plaque is the most likely explanation and that any means of enhancing this effect has significant promise as a means to further increase in anti-caries potential of the calcium glycerophosphate/sodium monofluorophosphate system compared to sodium monofluorophosphate alone.
Topics: Animals; Buffers; Calcium; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Fluorides; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 15509082
DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2004.tb00004.x -
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery &... 2015Recently, great attention has been paid to in situ gel-forming chitosan/glycerophosphate (CS/Gp) formulation due to its high biocompatibility with incorporated cells and... (Review)
Review
Recently, great attention has been paid to in situ gel-forming chitosan/glycerophosphate (CS/Gp) formulation due to its high biocompatibility with incorporated cells and medical agents, biodegradability and sharp thermosensitive gelation. CS/Gp is in liquid state at room temperature and after minimally invasive administration into the desired tissue, it forms a solid-like gel as a response to temperature increase. The overview of various recently patented strategies on injectable delivery systems indicates the significance of this formulation in biomedical applications. This thermosensitive hydrogel has a great potential as scaffold material in tissue engineering, due to its good biocompatibility, minimal immune reaction, high antibacterial nature, good adhesion to cells and the ability to be molded in various geometries. Moreover, CS/Gp hydrogel has been utilized as a smart drug delivery system to increase patient compliance by maintaining the drug level in the therapeutic window for a long time while avoiding the need for frequent injections of the therapeutic agent. This review paper highlights the recent patents and investigations on different formulations of CS/Gp hydrogels as tissue engineering scaffolds and carriers for therapeutic agents. Additionally, the dominant mechanism of sol-gel transition in those systems as well as their physicochemical properties and biocompatibility are discussed in detail.
Topics: Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chitosan; Drug Delivery Systems; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Hydrogels; Injections; Temperature; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 25354269
DOI: 10.2174/1872211308666141028145651