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Genes Feb 2020Two genes, and , both encoding indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL), are believed to control the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (IGP) to indole. The first...
Two genes, and , both encoding indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL), are believed to control the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (IGP) to indole. The first of these has generally been supposed to be regulated developmentally, being expressed at early stages of plant development with the indole being used in the benzoxazinoid (BX) biosynthesis pathway. In contrast, it has been proposed that the second one is regulated by stresses and that the associated free indole is secreted as a volatile. However, our previous results contradicted this. In the present study, we show that the gene takes over the role of at later developmental stages, between the 42nd and 70th days after germination. In the majority of plants with silenced expression, was either expressed at a significantly higher level than or it was the only gene with detectable expression. Therefore, we postulate that the synthesis of indole used in BX biosynthesis in rye is controlled by both and , which are both regulated developmentally and by stresses. In silico and in vivo analyses of the promoter sequences further confirmed our hypothesis that the roles and modes of regulation of the and genes are similar.
Topics: Benzoxazines; Biosynthetic Pathways; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Germination; Glycerophosphates; Indoles; Lyases; Plant Proteins; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Secale
PubMed: 32093268
DOI: 10.3390/genes11020223 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Apr 2022In this study we aimed to develop novel ZnO-NP/chitosan/β-glycerophosphate (ZnO-NP/CS/β-GP) antibacterial hydrogels for biomedical applications. According to the mass...
In this study we aimed to develop novel ZnO-NP/chitosan/β-glycerophosphate (ZnO-NP/CS/β-GP) antibacterial hydrogels for biomedical applications. According to the mass fraction ratio of ZnO-NPs to chitosan, mixtures of 1, 3, and 5% ZnO-NPs/CS/β-GP were prepared. Using the test-tube inversion method, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the influence of ZnO-NPs on gelation time, chemical composition, and cross-sectional microstructures were evaluated. Adding ZnO-NPs significantly improved the hydrogel's antibacterial activity as determined by bacteriostatic zone and colony counting. The hydrogel's bacteriostatic mechanism was investigated using live/dead fluorescent staining and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, crystal violet staining and MTT assay demonstrated that ZnO-NPs/CS/β-GP exhibited good antibacterial activity in inhibiting the formation of biofilms and eradicating existing biofilms. CCK-8 and live/dead cell staining methods revealed that the cell viability of gingival fibroblasts (L929) cocultured with hydrogel in each group was above 90% after 24, 48, and 72 h. These results suggest that ZnO-NPs improve the temperature sensitivity and bacteriostatic performance of chitosan/β-glycerophosphate (CS/β-GP), which could be injected into the periodontal pocket in solution form and quickly transformed into hydrogel adhesion on the gingiva, allowing for a straightforward and convenient procedure. In conclusion, ZnO-NP/CS/β-GP thermosensitive hydrogels could be expected to be utilized as adjuvant drugs for clinical prevention and treatment of peri-implant inflammation.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chitosan; Cross-Sectional Studies; Glycerophosphates; Hydrogels; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 35001011
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11024 -
Molecular Microbiology Jan 2017The facultative pathogen Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the human anterior nares and causes infections of various organ systems. Which carbon, energy, and phosphate...
The facultative pathogen Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the human anterior nares and causes infections of various organ systems. Which carbon, energy, and phosphate sources can be utilized by S. aureus in nutrient-poor habitats has remained largely unknown. We describe that S. aureus secretes a glycerophosphodiesterase (glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, EC 3.1.4.46), GlpQ, degrading the glycerophosphodiester (GPD) head groups of phospholipids such as human phosphatidylcholine (GroPC). Deletion of glpQ completely abolished the GroPC-degrading activity in S. aureus culture supernatants. GroPC has been detected in human tissues and body fluids probably as a result of phospholipid remodelling and degradation. Notably, GroPC promoted S. aureus growth under carbon- and phosphate-limiting conditions in a GlpQ-dependent manner indicating that GlpQ permits S. aureus to utilize GPD-derived glycerol-3-phosphate as a carbon and phosphate sources. Thus, S. aureus can use a broader spectrum of nutrients than previously thought which underscores its capacity to adapt to the highly variable and nutrient-poor surroundings.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Glycerophosphates; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 27726204
DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13552 -
Journal of Dentistry Dec 2021This study evaluated the influence of calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP), combined with or without fluoride (F), on the pH and concentrations of F, Ca, and P of...
OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the influence of calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP), combined with or without fluoride (F), on the pH and concentrations of F, Ca, and P of dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, with or without exposure to sucrose.
METHODS
The biofilms (n = 9) received three treatments (72, 78, and 96 h after the start of their formation) at three CaGP concentrations (0.125, 0.25, or 0.5%), with or without F at 500 ppm (as NaF). Solutions containing 500 and 1100 ppm F and artificial saliva were also tested as controls. Biofilm pH was measured, and the concentrations of F, Ca, P, and CaGP were determined (solid and fluid phases). In a parallel experiment, after the third treatment, the treated biofilms were exposed to a sucrose solution, and the pH of the medium, F, Ca, P, and CaGP was determined. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA, followed by Fisher's LSD test (p < 0.05).
RESULTS
Treatment with CaGP and 500 ppm F led to the highest pH values and F and Ca concentrations in the biofilm biomass, both with and without sucrose exposure. CaGP without F led to higher Ca and P concentrations in the biofilm fluid.
CONCLUSIONS
CaGP increased F, Ca, and P concentrations in the biofilm, and its presence promoted an increase in the pH of the medium, even after exposure to sucrose.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The present results elucidate the mechanism by which CaGP and F act on biofilms, further interfering with dental caries dynamics.
Topics: Biofilms; Candida albicans; Dental Caries; Fluorides; Glycerophosphates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 34637893
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103844 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Jul 1946
Topics: Glycerophosphates; Lipids
PubMed: 21064845
DOI: No ID Found -
European Journal of Biochemistry Nov 1999Phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) is a key intermediate in glycerolipid biosynthesis. Two different pathways are known for de novo formation of this compound, namely (a) the... (Review)
Review
Phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) is a key intermediate in glycerolipid biosynthesis. Two different pathways are known for de novo formation of this compound, namely (a) the Gro3P (glycerol 3-phosphate) pathway, and (b) the GrnP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) pathway. Whereas the former route of PtdOH synthesis is present in bacteria and all types of eukaryotes, the GrnP pathway is restricted to yeast and mammalian cells. In this review article, we describe the enzymes catalyzing de novo formation of PtdOH, their properties and their occurrence in different cell types and organelles. Much attention has recently been paid to the subcellular localization of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of PtdOH. In all eukaryotic cells, microsomes (ER) harbour the complete set of enzymes catalyzing these pathways and are thus the usual organelle for PtdOH formation. In contrast, the contribution of mitochondria to PtdOH synthesis is restricted to certain enzymes and depends on the cell type. In addition, chloroplasts of plants, lipid particles of the yeast, and peroxisomes of mammalian cells are significantly involved in PtdOH biosynthesis. Redundant systems of acyltransferases, the interplay of organelles, regulation of the pathway on the compartmental level, and finally the contribution of alternative pathways (phosphorylation of diacylglycerol and cleavage of phospholipids by phospholipases) to PtdOH biosynthesis appear to be required for the balanced formation of this important lipid intermediate. Dysfunction of enzymes involved in PtdOH synthesis can result in severe defects of various cellular processes. In this context, the possible physiological role(s) of PtdOH and its related metabolites, lysophosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, will be discussed.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate; Glycerophosphates; Lipid Metabolism; Lysophospholipids; Mammals; Microsomes; Organelles; Phenotype; Phosphatidic Acids; Prokaryotic Cells
PubMed: 10542045
DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00822.x -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Bacteria contain glycerol phosphate (GroP)-containing glycans, which are important constituents of cell-surface glycopolymers such as the teichoic acids of Gram-positive... (Review)
Review
Bacteria contain glycerol phosphate (GroP)-containing glycans, which are important constituents of cell-surface glycopolymers such as the teichoic acids of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls. These glycopolymers comprising GroP play crucial roles in bacterial physiology and virulence. Recently, the first identification of a GroP-containing glycan in mammals was reported as a variant form of -mannosyl glycan on α-dystroglycan (α-DG). However, the biological significance of such GroP modification remains largely unknown. In this review, we provide an overview of this new discovery of GroP-containing glycan in mammals and then outline the recent progress in elucidating the biosynthetic mechanisms of GroP-containing glycans on α-DG. In addition, we discuss the potential biological role of GroP modification along with the challenges and prospects for further research. The progress in this newly identified glycan modification will provide insights into the phylogenetic implications of glycan.
Topics: Animals; Biosynthetic Pathways; Dystroglycans; Extracellular Matrix; Glycerophosphates; Glycosylation; Humans; Laminin; Mammals; Multiprotein Complexes; Polysaccharides; Protein Binding; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 34771084
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216675 -
Acta Biomaterialia Jul 2019The design and development of bioactive materials that are inherently conducive for osteointegration and bone regeneration with tunable mechanical properties and...
The design and development of bioactive materials that are inherently conducive for osteointegration and bone regeneration with tunable mechanical properties and degradation remains a challenge. Herein, we report the development of a new class of citrate-based materials with glycerophosphate salts, β-glycerophosphate disodium (β-GP-Na) and glycerophosphate calcium (GP-Ca), incorporated through a simple and convenient one-pot condensation reaction, which might address the above challenge in the search of suitable orthopedic biomaterials. Tensile strength of the resultant poly (octamethylene citrate glycerophosphate), POC-βGP-Na and POC-GP-Ca, was as high as 28.2 ± 2.44 MPa and 22.76 ± 1.06 MPa, respectively. The initial modulus ranged from 5.28 ± 0.56 MPa to 256.44 ± 22.88 MPa. The mechanical properties and degradation rate of POC-GP could be controlled by varying the type of salts, and the feeding ratio of salts introduced. Particularly, POC-GP-Ca demonstrated better cytocompatibility and the corresponding composite POC-GP-Ca/hydroxyapatite (HA) also elicited improved osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro, as compared to POC-βGP-Na/HA and POC/HA. The superior in-vivo performance of POC-GP-Ca/HA microparticle scaffolds in promoting bone regeneration over POC-βGP-Na/HA and POC/HA was further confirmed in a rabbit femoral condyle defect model. Taken together, the tunability of mechanical properties and degradation rates, together with the osteopromotive nature of POC-GP polymers make these materials, especially POC-GP-Ca well suited for bone tissue engineering applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The design and development of bioactive materials that are inherently conducive for osteointegration and bone regeneration with tunable mechanical properties and degradation remains a challenge. Herein, we report the development of a new class of citrate-based materials with glycerophosphate salts, β-glycerophosphate disodium (β-GPNa) and glycerophosphate calcium (GPCa), incorporated through a simple and convenient one-pot condensation reaction. The resultant POC-GP polymers showed significantly improved mechanical property and tunable degradation rate. Within the formulation investigated, POC-GPCa/HA composite further demonstrated better bioactivity in favoring osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in vitro and promoted bone regeneration in rabbit femoral condyle defects. The development of POC-GP expands the repertoire of the well-recognized citrate-based biomaterials to meet the ever-increasing needs for functional biomaterials in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Cell Adhesion; Cell Differentiation; Citrates; Durapatite; Glycerophosphates; Hip Prosthesis; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Models, Animal; Osteogenesis; Polymers; Rabbits; Tensile Strength; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 30926580
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.050 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior Nov 2011Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), a conserved three-carbon sugar, is an obligatory component of energy-producing reactions including glycolysis and glycerolipid biosynthesis....
Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), a conserved three-carbon sugar, is an obligatory component of energy-producing reactions including glycolysis and glycerolipid biosynthesis. G3P can be derived via the glycerol kinase-mediated phosphorylation of glycerol or G3P dehydrogenase (G3Pdh)-mediated reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Previously, we showed G3P levels contribute to basal resistance against the hemibiotrophic pathogen, Colletotrichum higginsianum. Inoculation of Arabidopsis with C. higginsianum correlated with an increase in G3P levels and a concomitant decrease in glycerol levels in the host. Plants impaired in GLY1 encoded G3Pdh accumulated reduced levels of G3P after pathogen inoculation and showed enhanced susceptibility to C. higginsianum. Recently, we showed that G3P is also a potent inducer of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. SAR is initiated after a localized infection and confers whole-plant immunity to secondary infections. SAR involves generation of a signal at the site of primary infection, which travels throughout the plants and alerts the un-infected distal portions of the plant against secondary infections. Plants unable to synthesize G3P are defective in SAR and exogenous G3P complements this defect. Exogenous G3P also induces SAR in the absence of a primary pathogen. Radioactive tracer experiments show that a G3P derivative is translocated to distal tissues and this requires the lipid transfer protein, DIR1. Conversely, G3P is required for the translocation of DIR1 to distal tissues. Together, these observations suggest that the cooperative interaction of DIR1 and G3P mediates the induction of SAR in plants.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Carrier Proteins; Colletotrichum; Disease Resistance; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycerophosphates; Plant Immunity
PubMed: 22067992
DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17901 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2013The standard procedure for the osteogenic differentiation of multipotent stem cells is treatment of a confluent monolayer with a cocktail of dexamethasone (Dex),... (Review)
Review
The standard procedure for the osteogenic differentiation of multipotent stem cells is treatment of a confluent monolayer with a cocktail of dexamethasone (Dex), ascorbic acid (Asc) and β-glycerophosphate (β-Gly). This review describes the effects of these substances on intracellular signaling cascades that lead to osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stroma-derived stem cells. We conclude that Dex induces Runx2 expression by FHL2/β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation and that Dex enhances Runx2 activity by upregulation of TAZ and MKP1. Asc leads to the increased secretion of collagen type I (Col1), which in turn leads to increased Col1/α2β1 integrin-mediated intracellular signaling. The phosphate from β-Gly serves as a source for the phosphate in hydroxylapatite and in addition influences intracellular signaling molecules. In this context we give special attention to the differences between dystrophic and bone-specific mineralization.
Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Bone Marrow Cells; Dexamethasone; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteogenesis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 24073831
DOI: 10.1186/scrt328