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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Aug 1998The creation and propagation of the intricate Golgi architecture during the cell cycle poses a fascinating problem for biologists. Similar to the inheritance process for... (Review)
Review
The creation and propagation of the intricate Golgi architecture during the cell cycle poses a fascinating problem for biologists. Similar to the inheritance process for nuclear DNA, the inheritance of the Golgi apparatus consists of biogenesis (replication) and partitioning (mitosis/meiosis) phases, in which Golgi components must double in unit mass, then be appropriately divided between nascent daughter cells during cytokinesis. In this article we focus discussion on the recent advances in the area of Golgi inheritance, first outlining our current understanding of the behaviour of the Golgi apparatus during cell division, then concluding with a more conceptual discussion of the Golgi biogenesis problem. Throughout, we attempt to integrate ultrastructural and biochemical findings with more recent information obtained using live cell microscopy and morphological techniques.
Topics: Animals; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Mammals
PubMed: 9714778
DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00051-2 -
Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique Jan 1991In 1898, Camillio Golgi reported a new cellular constituent with the form of an extensive intracellular network (the apparato reticolare interno), which now bears his... (Review)
Review
In 1898, Camillio Golgi reported a new cellular constituent with the form of an extensive intracellular network (the apparato reticolare interno), which now bears his name. However, the history of Golgi's apparatus is replete with controversy regarding its reality, what components of the cell should be included under its aegis, and what terminology should be used when referring to it. Electron microscopy has resolved many of these controversies and it is appropriate that this volume emphasize that aspect of Golgi apparatus discovery. The principal structural component of the Golgi apparatus is the stack of cisternae, or dictyosome. As determined both biochemically and at the level of electron microscopy, the dictyosome is a highly ordered and polarized structure. The maintenance of order within the stack is thought to result from either intercisternal bonding constituents, or filamentous structures (or both) that bridge the space between adjacent cisternae. Mechanisms proposed for movement of membrane and product into and out of the dictyosome (i.e., the Golgi apparatus stack) include a serial mode which functions exclusively by the formation, displacement, and loss of cisternae from the stack, and a parallel mode which functions exclusively by the movement of membrane, product, or precursor molecules directly into the peripheral edges of the cisternae. In the parallel mode, all cisternae can be accessed either singly or simultaneously, at least in theory, at any position within the stack. It is probable that both the serial and the parallel modes function concomitantly and need not be mutually exclusive. Finally, the peripheral tubules of the cisternae represent a major membranous constituent of the cell with potentially unique functions. These tubules interconnect cisternae of adjacent stacks and may represent the major site of receptors for the shuttle (i.e., parallel) type of transfer among cisternae. Peripheral tubules as extensions of the cisternal lumina into the cytoplasm presumably have other functions, but these, like the tubules themselves, have only rarely been accommodated into functional models of Golgi apparatus dynamics in secretion or membrane flow.
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Plants
PubMed: 1993935
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060170103 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Jan 2004This review presents plant-specific characteristics of the Golgi apparatus and discusses their impact on retention of membrane proteins in the Golgi or the trans-Golgi... (Review)
Review
This review presents plant-specific characteristics of the Golgi apparatus and discusses their impact on retention of membrane proteins in the Golgi or the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The plant Golgi consists of distinct stacks of cisternae that actively move throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus is a very dynamic compartment and the site for maturation of N-linked glycans. It is also a factory for complex carbohydrates that are part of the cell wall. The TGN is believed to be the site from where vacuolar proteins are sorted by receptors towards each type of vacuole. To maintain the structure and specific features of the Golgi, resident proteins ought to be maintained in the proper Golgi cisternae or in the TGN. Two families of membrane proteins will be taken as examples for Golgi/TGN retention: (i) the enzymes involved in N-glycosylation processes and (ii) a vacuolar sorting receptor. Although the number of available plant proteins localized in Golgi/TGN is low, the basis of retention appears to be shared over all kingdoms and may result from pure retention and recycling mechanisms. In this review, we will summarize the characteristics of a plant Golgi and will discuss especially their consequences on on the study of this highly dynamic structure. We then choose membrane proteins with a single transmembrane domain to illustrate the signals and mechanisms involved in plants to localize and maintain proteins in the Golgi and the TGN.
Topics: Golgi Apparatus; Membrane Proteins; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Polysaccharides; trans-Golgi Network
PubMed: 14745495
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-003-3354-7 -
Current Biology : CB Sep 1998
Topics: Animals; Biology; Blood Vessels; Golgi Apparatus; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Italy; Neuroglia; Nobel Prize
PubMed: 9740810
DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(07)00407-1 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Aug 1998The plant Golgi apparatus has an important role in protein glycosylation and sorting, but is also a major biosynthetic organelle that synthesises large quantities of... (Review)
Review
The plant Golgi apparatus has an important role in protein glycosylation and sorting, but is also a major biosynthetic organelle that synthesises large quantities of cell wall polysaccharides. This is reflected in the organisation of the Golgi apparatus as numerous individual stacks of cisternae that are dispersed through the cell. Each stack is polarised: the shape of the cisternae and the staining of the membranes change in a cis to trans direction, and the cisternae on the trans side contain more polysaccharides. Numerous glycosyltransferases are required for the synthesis of the complex cell wall polysaccharides. Microscopy and biochemical fractionation studies suggest that these enzymes are compartmentalised within the stack. Although there is no obvious cis Golgi network, the trans-most cisterna or trans Golgi network often buds clathrin-coated and sometimes smooth dense vesicles as well. Here, vacuolar proteins are sorted from the secreted proteins and polysaccharides. This review highlights unique aspects of the organisation and function of the plant Golgi apparatus. Fundamentally similar processes probably underlie Golgi organisation in all organisms, and consideration of the plant Golgi specialisations can therefore be generally informative, as well as being of central importance to plant cell biology.
Topics: Animals; Cell Compartmentation; Golgi Apparatus; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants
PubMed: 9714825
DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00061-5 -
Endeavour Jan 1971
Review
Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Dactinomycin; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi Apparatus; Membranes; Microscopy, Electron; Plants
PubMed: 4101378
DOI: No ID Found -
Histochemistry and Cell Biology 1998Pharmacological agents have proven useful for gaining fundamental insights into the biology of the Golgi apparatus. This review summarizes pertinent and recent work on... (Review)
Review
Pharmacological agents have proven useful for gaining fundamental insights into the biology of the Golgi apparatus. This review summarizes pertinent and recent work on the effects on this organelle of monensin, brefeldin A, bafilomycin, ilimaquinone, okadaic acid, retinoic acid, and nocodazole. The molecular targets of monensin, brefeldin A, ilimaquinone, and retinoic acid remain to be elucidated whereas those for bafilomycin (vacuolar H+-ATPase), okadaic acid (serine/threonine phosphatases types 1, 2a, and 2b), and nocodazole (microtubules) are reasonably well understood. The molecular target of brefeldin has not been defined, but has been suggested to involve guanine nucleotide exchange proteins acting on ADP-ribosylation factor 1. Whether a defined molecular target can be found for monensin must be questioned since its main action consists in exchanging protons for Na+ which leads to osmotic swelling of post-Golgi endosomal structures and Golgi subcompartments by virtue of its membrane-associated effect as a cationophore. Brefeldin A was one of the most thoroughly investigated Golgi-disturbing agents and proved instrumental in unraveling retrograde flow mechanisms in the secretory pathways. Okadaic acid attracted interest for its properties mimicking mitotic fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. Nocodazole was instrumental in establishing the cytoskeletal anchoring of the Golgi apparatus close to the microtubular organizing center.
Topics: Animals; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi Apparatus; Humans
PubMed: 9681636
DOI: 10.1007/s004180050256 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Aug 2012The Golgi apparatus is essential for post-translational modifications and sorting of proteins in the secretory pathway. In addition, it further performs a broad range of... (Review)
Review
The Golgi apparatus is essential for post-translational modifications and sorting of proteins in the secretory pathway. In addition, it further performs a broad range of specialized functions. This functional diversity is achieved by combining basic morphological modules of cisternae into higher ordered structures. Linking cisternae into stacks that are further connected through tubules into a continuous Golgi ribbon greatly increases its efficiency and expands its repertoire of functions. During cell division, the different modules of the Golgi are inherited by different mechanisms to maintain its functional and morphological composition.
Topics: Animals; Golgi Apparatus; Mammals
PubMed: 22726585
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.05.009 -
Histochemistry and Cell Biology 1998The proteins that reside in the Golgi carry out functions associated with post-translational modifications, including glycosylation and proteolytic processing, membrane... (Review)
Review
The proteins that reside in the Golgi carry out functions associated with post-translational modifications, including glycosylation and proteolytic processing, membrane transport, recycling of endoplasmic reticulum proteins and maintenance of the structural organisation of the organelle itself. The latter includes Golgi stacking, interconnections between stacks and the microtubule-dependent positioning of the organelle within the cell. There are a number of distinct groups of Golgi membrane proteins, including glycosyltransferases, recycling trans-Golgi network (TGN) proteins, peripheral membrane proteins and receptors. Considerable effort has been directed at understanding the basis of the localisation of Golgi glycosyltransferases and recycling TGN proteins; in both cases there is increasing evidence that multiple signals may be involved in their specific localisation. A number of models for the Golgi retention of glycosyltransferases have been proposed including oligomerisation, lipid-mediated sorting and intra-Golgi retrograde transport. More information is required to determine the contribution of each of these potential mechanisms in the targeting of different glycosyltransferases. Future work is also likely to focus on the relationship between the localisation of resident Golgi proteins and the maintenance of Golgi structure.
Topics: Animals; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteins
PubMed: 9681632
DOI: 10.1007/s004180050252 -
International Review of Cytology 2005I focus here on the Golgi apparatus and the dynamic relationship between the Golgi apparatus, the central organelle of the secretory pathway, and the endoplasmic... (Review)
Review
I focus here on the Golgi apparatus and the dynamic relationship between the Golgi apparatus, the central organelle of the secretory pathway, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The proteins and lipids of the Golgi apparatus originate in the ER, and cargo proteins and lipids that also originate in the ER are processed and sorted within the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus is indeed the central organelle of the secretory pathway. Surprisingly, many, if not all, of the proteins and accompanying lipids of the Golgi apparatus cycle continuously between the Golgi and the ER. Neither the Cisternal Maturation nor the Vesicular Transport/Stable Compartment model of Golgi apparatus function predicts continuous cycling of Golgi resident proteins through the ER. Evidence for this cycling comes from multiple experimental approaches, including ER-exit block-revealed accumulation of recycled Golgi resident proteins in the ER, evidence for exchange of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Golgi proteins or their analogues between Golgi and ER pools, and cisternal rab overexpression-induced redistribution of Golgi resident proteins to the ER. The implications of Golgi protein cycling for the maintenance of Golgi structure in the interphase mammalian cell are discussed. The challenge for the future is to put Golgi resident protein cycling pathway(s) to protein machinery and to characterize the cumulative, weak, dynamic interactions that hold the Golgi apparatus together. In doing so, new paradigms of organelle biogenesis will emerge.
Topics: Animals; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Models, Biological; Protein Transport; Proteins; Transport Vesicles
PubMed: 16157178
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(05)44002-4