-
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Apr 2019Over the past few decades understanding and recognition of hantavirus infection has greatly improved worldwide, but both the amplitude and the magnitude of hantavirus... (Review)
Review
Over the past few decades understanding and recognition of hantavirus infection has greatly improved worldwide, but both the amplitude and the magnitude of hantavirus outbreaks have been increasing. Several novel hantaviruses with unknown pathogenic potential have been identified in a variety of insectivore hosts. With the new hosts, new geographical distributions of hantaviruses have also been discovered and several new species were found in Africa. Hantavirus infection in humans can result in two clinical syndromes: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) caused by Old World and New World hantaviruses, respectively. The clinical presentation of HFRS varies from subclinical, mild, and moderate to severe, depending in part on the causative agent of the disease. In general, HFRS caused by Hantaan virus, Amur virus and Dobrava virus are more severe with mortality rates from 5 to 15%, whereas Seoul virus causes moderate and Puumala virus and Saaremaa virus cause mild forms of disease with mortality rates <1%. The central phenomena behind the pathogenesis of both HFRS and HCPS are increased vascular permeability and acute thrombocytopenia. The pathogenesis is likely to be a complex multifactorial process that includes contributions from immune responses, platelet dysfunction and the deregulation of endothelial cell barrier functions. Also a genetic predisposition, related to HLA type, seems to be important for the severity of the disease. As there is no effective treatment or vaccine approved for use in the USA and Europe, public awareness and precautionary measures are the only ways to minimize the risk of hantavirus disease.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Orthohantavirus; Hantavirus Infections; Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome; Humans
PubMed: 24750436
DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12291 -
Viruses Jul 2019Hantaviruses, members of the order , family , have a world-wide distribution and are responsible for greater than 150,000 cases of disease per year. The spectrum of... (Review)
Review
Hantaviruses, members of the order , family , have a world-wide distribution and are responsible for greater than 150,000 cases of disease per year. The spectrum of disease associated with hantavirus infection include hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or treatments for these hantavirus diseases. This review provides a summary of the status of vaccine and antiviral treatment efforts including those tested in animal models or human clinical trials.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Amides; Animals; Antiviral Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Orthohantavirus; Hantavirus Infections; Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome; Humans; Immunotherapy; Lactoferrin; Models, Animal; Nucleosides; Piperidines; Pyrazines; Quinazolines; Recombinant Proteins; Ribavirin; Triazoles; Vaccines, Synthetic; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 31277410
DOI: 10.3390/v11070610 -
Viruses Jul 2021Finland has the highest incidence of hantavirus infections globally, with a significant impact on public health. The large coverage of boreal forests and the cyclic... (Review)
Review
Finland has the highest incidence of hantavirus infections globally, with a significant impact on public health. The large coverage of boreal forests and the cyclic dynamics of the dominant forest rodent species, the bank vole explain most of this. We review the relationships between Puumala hantavirus (PUUV), its host rodent, and the hantavirus disease, nephropathia epidemica (NE), in Finland. We describe the history of NE and its diagnostic research in Finland, the seasonal and multiannual cyclic dynamics of PUUV in bank voles impacting human epidemiology, and we compare our northern epidemiological patterns with those in temperate Europe. The long survival of PUUV outside the host and the life-long shedding of PUUV by the bank voles are highlighted. In humans, the infection has unique features in pathobiology but rarely long-term consequences. NE is affected by specific host genetics and risk behavior (smoking), and certain biomarkers can predict the outcome. Unlike many other hantaviruses, PUUV causes a relatively mild disease and is rarely fatal. Reinfections do not exist. Antiviral therapy is complicated by the fact that when symptoms appear, the patient already has a generalized infection. Blocking vascular leakage measures counteracting pathobiology, offer a real therapeutic approach.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Arvicolinae; Europe; Finland; Orthohantavirus; Hantavirus Infections; Humans; Incidence; Research; Risk Factors; Rodent Diseases; Seasons
PubMed: 34452318
DOI: 10.3390/v13081452 -
Viruses Aug 2021Hantaviruses infect a wide range of hosts including insectivores and rodents and can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, which can lead to severe disease with... (Review)
Review
Hantaviruses infect a wide range of hosts including insectivores and rodents and can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, which can lead to severe disease with possible fatal outcomes. Hantavirus outbreaks are usually linked to the population dynamics of the host animals and their habitats being in close proximity to humans, which is becoming increasingly important in a globalized world. Currently there is neither an approved vaccine nor a specific and effective antiviral treatment available for use in humans. Hantaviruses belong to the order with a tri-segmented negative-sense RNA genome. They encode only five viral proteins and replicate and transcribe their genome in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, many details of the viral amplification cycle are still unknown. In recent years, structural biology methods such as cryo-electron tomography, cryo-electron microscopy, and crystallography have contributed essentially to our understanding of virus entry by membrane fusion as well as genome encapsidation by the nucleoprotein. In this review, we provide an update on the hantavirus replication cycle with a special focus on structural virology aspects.
Topics: Animals; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Crystallography, X-Ray; Genome, Viral; Orthohantavirus; Hantavirus Infections; Humans; Rodentia; Viral Proteins; Virus Assembly; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34452426
DOI: 10.3390/v13081561 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2001
Review
Topics: Animals; Capsid; Golgi Apparatus; Orthohantavirus; Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins; Viral Proteins; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 11217405
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56753-7_3 -
Seminars in Respiratory and Critical... Apr 2007Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is caused by infection with multiple types of hantaviruses throughout the Americas. All strains induce a pulmonary capillary... (Review)
Review
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is caused by infection with multiple types of hantaviruses throughout the Americas. All strains induce a pulmonary capillary leak syndrome with cardiogenic shock in severe cases, and almost all strains have an overall mortality rate of 35%. Some strains in South America are commonly associated with either mild disease without pulmonary edema or severe disease with pulmonary hemorrhage. Early recognition during the thrombocytopenic prodrome phase and transport to intensive care improve survival, due to very rapid progression of respiratory failure and shock in some patients. Limited fluid replacement, early inotropic therapy, and mechanical ventilation also improve survival. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been life saving for patients with refractory shock. Ribavirin does not appear to reduce mortality, but hyperimmune serum offers a promising future therapy because survival is correlated with higher neutralizing antibody titers at admission.
Topics: Animals; Capillary Permeability; Disease Models, Animal; Orthohantavirus; Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 17458773
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976491 -
Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2022Hantaviruses are rodent viruses that have been identified as etiologic agents of 2 diseases in humans: Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and... (Review)
Review
Hantaviruses are rodent viruses that have been identified as etiologic agents of 2 diseases in humans: Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Nephropathiaepidemica (NE) in the Old World and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Orthohantavirus is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Hantaviridae of the order Bunyavirales. The important reservoir of Hantaviruses is rodents. Each virus serotype has its unique rodent host species and is transmitted to human beings with the aid of aerosolized virus, which is shed in urine, faeces and saliva and hardly by a bite of the contaminated host. Andes virus is the only Hantavirus identified to be transmitted from human-to-human and its major signs and symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, lungs filled with fluid, etc. In early 1993, this viral syndrome appeared in the Four Corner location in the southwestern United States. The only accepted therapeutics for this virus is Ribavirin. Recently, serological examinations to identify Hantavirus antibodies have become most popular for investigation among humans and rodent reservoirs.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Orthohantavirus; Hantavirus Infections; Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome; Humans; Rodentia
PubMed: 34986775
DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220105110819 -
Immunology Jul 2021Orthohantaviruses, previously named hantaviruses, cause two emerging zoonotic diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus... (Review)
Review
Orthohantaviruses, previously named hantaviruses, cause two emerging zoonotic diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Overall, over 200 000 cases are registered every year worldwide, with a fatality rate ranging between 0·1% and 15% for HFRS and between 20% and 40% for HCPS. No specific treatment or vaccines have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat or prevent hantavirus-caused syndromes. Currently, little is known about the mechanisms at the basis of hantavirus-induced disease. However, it has been hypothesized that an excessive inflammatory response plays an essential role in the course of the disease. Furthermore, the contributions of the cellular immune response to either viral clearance or pathology have not been fully elucidated. This article discusses recent findings relative to the immune responses elicited to hantaviruses in subjects suffering HFRS or HCPS, highlighting the similarities and differences between these two clinical diseases. Also, we summarize the most recent data about the cellular immune response that could be important for designing new vaccines to prevent this global public health problem.
Topics: Animals; Orthohantavirus; Hantavirus Infections; Heart Arrest; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Mice; Viral Vaccines; Viral Zoonoses
PubMed: 33638192
DOI: 10.1111/imm.13322 -
Viruses Apr 2014Since the recognition of hantavirus as the agent responsible for haemorrhagic fever in Eurasia in the 1970s and, 20 years later, the descovery of hantavirus pulmonary... (Review)
Review
Since the recognition of hantavirus as the agent responsible for haemorrhagic fever in Eurasia in the 1970s and, 20 years later, the descovery of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas, the genus Hantavirus has been continually described throughout the World in a variety of wild animals. The diversity of wild animals infected with hantaviruses has only recently come into focus as a result of expanded wildlife studies. The known reservoirs are more than 80, belonging to 51 species of rodents, 7 bats (order Chiroptera) and 20 shrews and moles (order Soricomorpha). More than 80 genetically related viruses have been classified within Hantavirus genus; 25 recognized as human pathogens responsible for a large spectrum of diseases in the Old and New World. In Brazil, where the diversity of mammals and especially rodents is considered one of the largest in the world, 9 hantavirus genotypes have been identified in 12 rodent species belonging to the genus Akodon, Calomys, Holochilus, Oligoryzomys, Oxymycterus, Necromys and Rattus. Considering the increasing number of animals that have been implicated as reservoirs of different hantaviruses, the understanding of this diversity is important for evaluating the risk of distinct hantavirus species as human pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Disease Reservoirs; Orthohantavirus; Rodentia
PubMed: 24784571
DOI: 10.3390/v6051929 -
Interdisciplinary Sciences,... Mar 2021Hantaviruses, albeit reported more than 40 years ago, are now considered emerging viruses' because of their growing importance as human pathogens. Hantavirus created...
Hantaviruses, albeit reported more than 40 years ago, are now considered emerging viruses' because of their growing importance as human pathogens. Hantavirus created focal news when the paradoxical spread was reported during the world's pandemic battle of the COVID-19, killing a man in Yunnan province of China, further jeopardizing the existing of the human race on the planet earth. In recent years an increasing number of infections and human-to-human transmission is creating a distressing situation. In this short communication, we have focused on the biology, pathogenesis, immunology, epidemiology and future perspective of the Hantaviruses. Our understandings of hantavirus related pandemics and syndrome are limited, the contributing environmental factors, the cellular and viral dynamics in transmission from natural reservoirs to humans and finally, the virology in humans is quite intricate. Priorities for future research suggest that setting up scientific collaboration, the funding, and encouragement of health ministries and the research institutes should take admirable steps to build an understanding of this virus. Discovering new drugs or other therapeutic molecules such as vaccines takes a longer time. Thus with the recent artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the rifle for impending new medicines should be hastened. Last but not least, a data-sharing platform should be provided where all the researchers should share and make available all the necessary information such as genomics, proteomics, host-factors, and other epigenetics information, which will encourage the research collaboration in the preparation against the Hantaviruses.
Topics: Geography; Orthohantavirus; Hantavirus Infections; Health Policy; Humans; Incidence; Pandemics; Virus Attachment
PubMed: 33486690
DOI: 10.1007/s12539-020-00413-4