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Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Nov 2020The presence of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and its size in humans largely depends upon age. It is detected in 35% of children less than 2 years of age,... (Review)
Review
The presence of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and its size in humans largely depends upon age. It is detected in 35% of children less than 2 years of age, but absent in the healthy adult lung. Environmental gases or allergens may have an effect on the number of BALT. Lungs of rhesus macaque monkeys were screened by histology for the presence, size, and location of BALT after exposure to filtered air for 2, 6, 12, or 36 months or 12 and 36 months to ozone or 2, 12, or 36 months of house dust mite or a combination of ozone and house dust mite for 12 months. In the lungs of monkeys housed in filtered air for 2 months, no BALT was identified. After 6, 12, or 36 months, the number of BALT showed a significantly increased correlation with age in monkeys housed in filtered air. After 2 months of episodic house dust mite (HDM) exposure, no BALT was found. Monkeys exposed to HDM or HDM + ozone did not show a significant increase in BALT compared to monkeys housed in filtered air. However, monkeys exposed to ozone alone did show significant increases in BALT compared to all other groups. In particular, there were frequent accumulations of lymphocytes in the periarterial space of ozone exposed animals. In conclusion, BALT in rhesus monkeys housed under filtered air conditions is age-dependent. BALT significantly increased in monkeys exposed to ozone in comparison with monkeys exposed to HDM.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Allergens; Animals; Lung; Lymphoid Tissue; Macaca mulatta; Ozone; Pyroglyphidae
PubMed: 32445535
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24456 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... 2008In the last 5 years major advances have been made in the field of tissue engineering. However, while engineering of tissues from nearly every major system in the body... (Review)
Review
In the last 5 years major advances have been made in the field of tissue engineering. However, while engineering of tissues from nearly every major system in the body have been studied and improved, little has been done with the engineering of viable lymphatic tissues. Recent advances in understanding of lymphatic biology have allowed the easy isolation of pure lymphatic cell cultures, increasing, in turn, the ability to study lymphatic biology in greater detail. This has allowed the elucidation of lymphatic properties on the structural, cellular, and molecular levels, making possible the successful development of the first lymphatic engineered tissues. Among such advances are the engineering of lymphatic capillaries, the development of a functioning bioreactor designed to culture lymph nodes in vitro, and in vivo growth of lymphatic organoids. However, there has been no research on the engineering of functional lymphangions. While the advances made in the study of lymphatic biology are encouraging, the complexities of the system make the engineering of certain functional lymphatic tissues somewhat more difficult.
Topics: Animals; Bioreactors; Cells, Cultured; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphoid Tissue; Mice; Mice, SCID; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 18519958
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1413.004 -
The Laryngoscope Nov 2019To evaluate a possible regrowth of lingual tonsil lymphatic tissue in patients submitted to lingual tonsil resection with transoral robotic surgery (TORS).
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
To evaluate a possible regrowth of lingual tonsil lymphatic tissue in patients submitted to lingual tonsil resection with transoral robotic surgery (TORS).
STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective Study.
METHODS
Medical records of patients surgically treated by means of TORS to remove excessive lymphatic tissue of the lingual tonsil were retrospectively reviewed. Postoperative endoscopic data after long-term follow-up were analyzed to investigate possible lymphatic tissue regrowth. Preoperative and postoperative lingual tonsil lymphatic tissue were classified according to the standardized Friedman's grading scale ranging from 0 to 4.
RESULTS
Sixty-eight patients (41 male and 27 female; mean age = 51.3 years) were considered suitable for the study analysis. Clinical regrowth was observed in six (8.8%) patients: four (5.9%) and two (2.9%) patients with grade 2 and 3 lymphatic hypertrophy, respectively. No correlation between the grade of regrowth, the time interval from surgery, and the volume of lymphatic tissue removed was found.
CONCLUSIONS
The lymphatic tissue regrowth after TORS resection appears to be very low.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
4 Laryngoscope, 129:2652-2657, 2019.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoid Tissue; Male; Middle Aged; Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery; Palatine Tonsil; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Tongue; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 30582182
DOI: 10.1002/lary.27775 -
Immunological Reviews Oct 2003In this review, we consider the morphological aspects and topographical arrangement of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) (solitary and aggregate lymph nodules or... (Review)
Review
In this review, we consider the morphological aspects and topographical arrangement of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) (solitary and aggregate lymph nodules or Peyer's patches) and of vermiform appendix in the human child and in some mammals. The spatial arrangement of the vessels belonging to apparatus lymphaticus periphericus absorbens (ALPA) and of blood vessels within each lymphoid follicle as well as the ultrastructural characteristics of the lymphatic endothelium with high absorption capacity are considered. Particular attention is also paid to the morphological and biomolecular mechanisms inducing lymphocyte transendothelial migration to the bloodstream by means of lymphatic vessels as well as their passage from blood into lymphoid tissue through the high endothelial venules (HEVs). The preferential transendothelial passage of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils within ALPA vessels of the interfollicular area does not occur following the opening of intercellular contacts, but rather it occurs by means of 'intraendothelial channels'. In HEVs, on the contrary, the hypothesis is plausible that lymphocyte transendothelial migration into lymphoid tissue occurs through a channel-shaped endothelial invagination entirely independent of interendothelial contacts. The lymph of ALPA vessels of the single Peyer's patch is conveyed into precollector lymphatic vessels and into prelymph nodal collectors, totally independent of the ALPA vessels of the gut segments devoid of lymphoid tissue. The quantitative distribution of T lymphocytes in the lymph of mucosal ALPA vessels suggests a prevalent function of fluid uptake, whereas a reservoir and supply function is implicated for the vessels of interfollicular area. The precollector lymphatic vessels and prelymph nodal collectors are considered to be vessels with low absorption capacity, whose main function is lymph conduction and flow.
Topics: Animals; Appendix; Cell Movement; Humans; Lymphocytes; Lymphoid Tissue
PubMed: 12969318
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00072.x -
Anticancer Research Aug 2019Different phenomena can result in enlargement of mental foramen and mandibular canal. At the foreground of diagnosis is the assessment of the biological properties of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Different phenomena can result in enlargement of mental foramen and mandibular canal. At the foreground of diagnosis is the assessment of the biological properties of the tissue which causes such detailed lesions of the skeleton.
CASE REPORT
This report describes a palpable mass at the site of the mental foramen with radiological evidence of an extensive enlargement of the bony portion of the inferior alveolar nerve. These findings were the reason for surgical exploration. Surprisingly, the mass was inflammatory tissue that had proliferated in the canal and foramina. The lesion had grown around the nerve and did not infiltrate it. The diagnosis of lymphatic hyperplasia was made. Other potential causes of the unusual radiological and clinical findings are explained with reference to the literature.
CONCLUSION
Imaging does not provide a safe assessment of tumor biology. Surgical exploration with detailed tissue examination of the tumor provides the basis for appropriate therapy.
Topics: Humans; Hyperplasia; Lymphoid Tissue; Mandible; Mandibular Nerve; Radiography; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 31366480
DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13554 -
Circulation Research Apr 2023Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive... (Review)
Review
Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive lymphocytes with antigens and antigen-presenting cells, enabling optimal generation of adaptive immune responses. Lymphatic vessels of lymphoid organs are uniquely specialized to perform a staggering variety of tasks. These include antigen presentation, directing the trafficking of immune cells but also modulating immune cell activation and providing factors for their survival. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular basis of such specialization, opening avenues for better understanding the mechanisms of immune-vascular interactions and their applications. Such knowledge is essential for designing better treatments for human diseases given the central role of the immune system in infection, aging, tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, principles established in studies of lymphoid organ lymphatic vessel functions and organization may be applied to guide our understanding of specialization of vascular beds in other organs.
Topics: Humans; Endothelial Cells; Peyer's Patches; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphoid Tissue
PubMed: 37104555
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.322136 -
Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the... Mar 2021Determining the abundance of leukocyte subtypes, including lymphocyte subpopulations, not only in blood but also in lymphatic tissues, is inevitable to assess the immune...
Determining the abundance of leukocyte subtypes, including lymphocyte subpopulations, not only in blood but also in lymphatic tissues, is inevitable to assess the immune status of an organism for research purposes. However, nucleated thrombocytes and erythrocytes exacerbate many hematological techniques in avian species. In order to enable a rapid discrimination of leukocyte subsets from lymphatic tissues of chicken, we adapted existing flow cytometric methods for counting leukocytes in chicken blood. We established staining and gating strategies allowing the flow cytometric characterization and enumeration of total leukocytes, thrombocytes, monocytes/macrophages, CD8α lymphocytes, CD4 T cells, γδ T cells, and B cells in chicken spleen and CD8α lymphocytes, CD4 T cells, γδ T cells, and B cells among intraepithelial lymphocytes in chicken cecal tonsils. For this, we prepared single-cell suspensions of spleen and isolated intraepithelial lymphocytes from cecal tonsils without density centrifugation, and performed antibody staining of cells without subsequent washing steps to prevent cell loss and falsification of obtained cell counts. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Chickens; Flow Cytometry; Leukocytes; Lymphoid Tissue; T-Lymphocyte Subsets
PubMed: 32833295
DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24214 -
Angiology 2008Lymphedema is mainly characterized by swelling, fibrosis, and non-pitting edema. The aim of this study was evaluation of the long-term (10 years) effects of autologous...
Lymphedema is mainly characterized by swelling, fibrosis, and non-pitting edema. The aim of this study was evaluation of the long-term (10 years) effects of autologous lymphatic tissue implant in lymphedema. Lymphatic tissue from 9 patients (harvested form the same patient in areas not affected by lymphedema) was reimplanted into the affected limb, and these patients were followed for 10 years. Lymph nodes were harvested at the neck, axillary, or inguinal space (contralateral limb). Results showed that limb volume was decreased in the treatment group vs. controls. In ultrasound, black, low density, lymphatic spaces were visible in 100% of patients at inclusion but in only 23% of these subjects at 10 years. Thus, this early report proposes a new, minimally invasive method to improve lymphedema. Studies in progress will indicate the role of lymphatic transplant in the management of lymphedema and the best indications for this method.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Extracellular Fluid; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Care Costs; Humans; Lymphedema; Lymphoid Tissue; Male; Middle Aged; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Patient Compliance; Pilot Projects; Proteins; Severity of Illness Index; Skin; Time Factors; Transplantation, Autologous; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 18319226
DOI: 10.1177/0003319707308564 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal May 1968
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Cattle; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immune Tolerance; Lymphoid Tissue; Macrophages; Mice; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 5689643
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and... Jan 2007During (nearly) all steps in retroviral pathogenesis, viruses are confronted with complement and complement receptor (CR)-positive cells. As all of the retroviruses... (Review)
Review
During (nearly) all steps in retroviral pathogenesis, viruses are confronted with complement and complement receptor (CR)-positive cells. As all of the retroviruses tested so far activate the complement system, members of this virus family have adapted different protection mechanisms to keep complement activation under the threshold necessary to avoid complement-mediated lysis. As a consequence of complement activation, retroviruses are covered with complement proteins and thus provide additional ligands to interact with CR-expressing cells. This review discusses the complex complement-retroviral interactions and follows the fate of the virus on its way to the lymphatic tissue.
Topics: Animals; Complement Activation; Complement System Proteins; Humans; Lymphoid Tissue; Mucous Membrane; Receptors, Complement; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections
PubMed: 17127447
DOI: 10.2741/2214