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Annual Review of Immunology 2013Dendritic cells (DCs) form a remarkable cellular network that shapes adaptive immune responses according to peripheral cues. After four decades of research, we now know... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Dendritic cells (DCs) form a remarkable cellular network that shapes adaptive immune responses according to peripheral cues. After four decades of research, we now know that DCs arise from a hematopoietic lineage distinct from other leukocytes, establishing the DC system as a unique hematopoietic branch. Recent work has also established that tissue DCs consist of developmentally and functionally distinct subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte function. This review discusses major advances in our understanding of the regulation of DC lineage commitment, differentiation, diversification, and function in situ.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cell Movement; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Lymphoid Tissue
PubMed: 23516985
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-074950 -
Circulation Research Apr 2023Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive... (Review)
Review
Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive lymphocytes with antigens and antigen-presenting cells, enabling optimal generation of adaptive immune responses. Lymphatic vessels of lymphoid organs are uniquely specialized to perform a staggering variety of tasks. These include antigen presentation, directing the trafficking of immune cells but also modulating immune cell activation and providing factors for their survival. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular basis of such specialization, opening avenues for better understanding the mechanisms of immune-vascular interactions and their applications. Such knowledge is essential for designing better treatments for human diseases given the central role of the immune system in infection, aging, tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, principles established in studies of lymphoid organ lymphatic vessel functions and organization may be applied to guide our understanding of specialization of vascular beds in other organs.
Topics: Humans; Endothelial Cells; Peyer's Patches; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphoid Tissue
PubMed: 37104555
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.322136 -
Immunity Jun 2018Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are positioned in tissues perinatally, constitutively express receptors responsive to their organ microenvironments, and perform an arsenal... (Review)
Review
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are positioned in tissues perinatally, constitutively express receptors responsive to their organ microenvironments, and perform an arsenal of effector functions that overlap those of adaptive CD4 T cells. Based on knowledge regarding subsets of invariant-like lymphocytes (e.g., natural killer T [NKT] cells, γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T [MAIT] cells, etc.) and fetally derived macrophages, we hypothesize that immune cells established during the perinatal period-including, but not limited to, ILCs-serve intimate roles in tissue that go beyond classical understanding of the immune system in microbial host defense. In this Perspective, we propose mechanisms by which the establishment of ILCs and the tissue lymphoid niche during early development may have consequences much later in life. Although definitive answers require better tools, efforts to achieve deeper understanding of ILC biology across the mammalian lifespan have the potential to lift the veil on the unknown breadth of immune cell functions.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lymphocytes; Lymphoid Tissue
PubMed: 29924974
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.06.002 -
Advanced Biology May 2023Blood and lymphatic vessels are regulators of physiological processes, including oxygenation and fluid transport. Both vessels are ubiquitous throughout the body and are... (Review)
Review
Blood and lymphatic vessels are regulators of physiological processes, including oxygenation and fluid transport. Both vessels are ubiquitous throughout the body and are critical for sustaining tissue homeostasis. The complexity of each vessel's processes has limited the understanding of exactly how the vessels maintain their functions. Both vessels have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer metastasis, and it is crucial to probe further specific mechanisms involved. In vitro models are developed to better understand blood and lymphatic physiological functions and their mechanisms. In this review, blood and lymphatic in vitro model systems, including 2D and 3D designs made using Transwells, microfluidic devices, organoid cultures, and various other methods, are described. Models studying endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interactions, endothelial barrier properties, transendothelial transport and cell migration, lymph/angiogenesis, vascular inflammation, and endothelial-cancer cell interactions are particularly focused. While the field has made significant progress in modeling and understanding lymphatic and blood vasculature, more models that include coculture of multiple cell types, complex extracellular matrix, and 3D morphologies, particularly for models mimicking disease states, will help further the understanding of the role of blood and lymphatic vasculature in health and disease.
Topics: Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphoid Tissue; Cell Movement; Cell Communication
PubMed: 35751460
DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200041 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Jan 2024In the present study, we review the structure and function of fish spleen with special emphasis on its condition in Elasmobranchs, Teleosts and Lungfish. Apart from the... (Review)
Review
In the present study, we review the structure and function of fish spleen with special emphasis on its condition in Elasmobranchs, Teleosts and Lungfish. Apart from the amount of splenic lymphoid tissue, the histological organization of the organ ensures the existence of areas involved in antigen trapping, the ellipsoids, and exhibit numerous melano-macrophages which appear isolated or forming the so-called melano-macrophage centres. An extensive discussion on the functional significance of these centres conclude that they are mere accumulations of macrophages consequence of tissue homeostasis rather than primitive germinal centres, as proposed by some authors.
Topics: Animals; Spleen; Lymphoid Tissue; Macrophages; Fishes
PubMed: 38086514
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109280 -
Viruses Mar 2019Infection is restrained by the concerted activation of tissue-resident and circulating immune cells. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that tissue-resident lymphocyte... (Review)
Review
Infection is restrained by the concerted activation of tissue-resident and circulating immune cells. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets, comprised of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and unconventional T cells, have vital roles in the initiation of primary antiviral responses. Via direct and indirect mechanisms, ILCs and unconventional T cell subsets play a critical role in the ability of the immune system to mount an effective antiviral response through potent early cytokine production. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of tissue-resident lymphocytes during initial viral infection and evaluate their redundant or nonredundant contributions to host protection or virus-induced pathology.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lymphoid Tissue; Mice; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 30893756
DOI: 10.3390/v11030272 -
JCI Insight Mar 2021Since their relatively recent discovery, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been shown to be tissue-resident lymphocytes that are critical mediators of tissue... (Review)
Review
Since their relatively recent discovery, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been shown to be tissue-resident lymphocytes that are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and pathogen response. However, ILC dysregulation contributes to a diverse spectrum of human diseases, spanning virtually every organ system. ILCs rapidly respond to environmental cues by altering their own phenotype and function as well as influencing the behavior of other local tissue-resident cells. With a growing understanding of ILC biology, investigators continue to elucidate mechanisms that expand our ability to phenotype, isolate, target, and expand ILCs ex vivo. With mounting preclinical data and clinical correlates, the role of ILCs in both disease pathogenesis and resolution is evident, justifying ILC manipulation for clinical benefit. This Review will highlight areas of ongoing translational research and critical questions for future study that will enable us to harness the full therapeutic potential of these captivating cells.
Topics: Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lymphoid Tissue
PubMed: 33749662
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146006 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2017This review provides a comprehensive summary of research on aging-associated alterations in lymphatic vessels and mast cells in perilymphatic tissues. Aging alters... (Review)
Review
This review provides a comprehensive summary of research on aging-associated alterations in lymphatic vessels and mast cells in perilymphatic tissues. Aging alters structure (by increasing the size of zones with low muscle cell investiture), ultrastructure (through loss of the glycocalyx), and proteome composition with a concomitant increase in permeability of aged lymphatic vessels. The contractile function of aged lymphatic vessels is depleted with the abolished role of nitric oxide and an increased role of lymphatic-born histamine in flow-dependent regulation of lymphatic phasic contractions and tone. In addition, aging induces oxidative stress in lymphatic vessels and facilitates the spread of pathogens from these vessels into perilymphatic tissues. Aging causes the basal activation of perilymphatic mast cells, which, in turn, restricts recruitment/activation of immune cells in perilymphatic tissues. This aging-associated basal activation of mast cells limits proper functioning of the mast cell/histamine/NF-κB axis that is essential for the regulation of lymphatic vessel transport and barrier functions as well as for both the interaction and trafficking of immune cells near and within lymphatic collecting vessels. Cumulatively, these changes play important roles in the pathogenesis of alterations in inflammation and immunity associated with aging.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Histamine; Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphoid Tissue; Mast Cells; Mice; NF-kappa B; Rats
PubMed: 28467354
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050965 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... 2008In the last 5 years major advances have been made in the field of tissue engineering. However, while engineering of tissues from nearly every major system in the body... (Review)
Review
In the last 5 years major advances have been made in the field of tissue engineering. However, while engineering of tissues from nearly every major system in the body have been studied and improved, little has been done with the engineering of viable lymphatic tissues. Recent advances in understanding of lymphatic biology have allowed the easy isolation of pure lymphatic cell cultures, increasing, in turn, the ability to study lymphatic biology in greater detail. This has allowed the elucidation of lymphatic properties on the structural, cellular, and molecular levels, making possible the successful development of the first lymphatic engineered tissues. Among such advances are the engineering of lymphatic capillaries, the development of a functioning bioreactor designed to culture lymph nodes in vitro, and in vivo growth of lymphatic organoids. However, there has been no research on the engineering of functional lymphangions. While the advances made in the study of lymphatic biology are encouraging, the complexities of the system make the engineering of certain functional lymphatic tissues somewhat more difficult.
Topics: Animals; Bioreactors; Cells, Cultured; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphoid Tissue; Mice; Mice, SCID; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 18519958
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1413.004 -
American Journal of Transplantation :... Jun 2022
Topics: Humans; Lymphatic Diseases; Tertiary Lymphoid Structures
PubMed: 35674153
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16660