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PloS One 2022Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic,...
OBJECTIVE
Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic importance. We aimed to determine aortic and lower-extremity arterial reference diameters in a general population and compare them according to age, sex, and other characteristics.
METHODS
We evaluated consecutive 3,692 patients who underwent computed tomography as part of a general health checkup from 2015-2019 in a single tertiary center. Aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameters and the most important factor related to arterial diameters were evaluated.
RESULTS
The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm, while that of the common iliac artery was 10.851 ± 1.689 mm. The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Significant intersex differences were observed for all mean diameters and lengths. Multilinear regression analysis showed that age, sex, and body surface area impacted mean diameters of all measured sites except aorta and common iliac artery length. Between male and female patients matched for body surface area, there were significant intersex differences for all measured sites, except for common iliac artery length.
CONCLUSIONS
The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta in this healthy cohort was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm overall, 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men, and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Arterial diameter increased with male sex, older age, and increased body surface area, and aortic diameters were larger in men than in women with the same body surface area.
Topics: Aorta, Abdominal; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Body Surface Area; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Iliac Artery; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35511926
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268077 -
Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic... Mar 2022Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for...
OBJECTIVES
Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for normal diameters, define PA aneurysms, possible predictors of PA size and evaluate the correlation with mid-ascending aortic diameters.
METHODS
Between April 2018 and August 2019, 497 consecutive patients who underwent whole-body computed tomographic angiography were reviewed. Clinical and imaging data were collected from our institutional database. Precise three-dimensional centreline measurements were taken. Linear regression analysis was performed to detect parameters associated with PA diameter. A two-stage model was created to identify potential predictors and the resulting statistically significant interactions were tested. Data were grouped and PA, standard deviation, and upper normal limits were calculated.
RESULTS
Among 497 patients with an average age of 51.4 (20.2) (74.6% males), the mean PA diameter measured 32.0 (4.6) mm [female: 31.2 (4.7) mm vs male: 32.2 (4.5) mm; P = 0.032]. The mean PA length, left PA and right PA diameters were similar between male and female patients. We found a significant correlation (r = 0.352; P < 0.001) between the PAs and mid-ascending aortic diameters. Body surface area (P = 0.032, β = 4.52 [0.40; 8.64] 95% CI) was the only significant influencing variable for PA diameter.
CONCLUSIONS
The normal mean PA diameter in a reference cohort is 32.0 (4.6) mm. Body surface area is the only influencing variable of PA diameter. The normal diameters measured and corresponding upper limits of normal revealed that a PA aneurysm should not be considered below a threshold of 45 mm.
Topics: Angiography; Computed Tomography Angiography; Female; Humans; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Artery; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34791257
DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivab308 -
NMR in Biomedicine Apr 2016Mapping axon diameter is of interest for the potential diagnosis and monitoring of various neuronal pathologies. Advanced diffusion-weighted MRI methods have been...
Mapping axon diameter is of interest for the potential diagnosis and monitoring of various neuronal pathologies. Advanced diffusion-weighted MRI methods have been developed to measure mean axon diameters non-invasively, but suffer major drawbacks that prevent their direct translation into clinical practice, such as complex non-linear data fitting and, more importantly, long scanning times that are usually not tolerable for most human subjects. In the current study, temporal diffusion spectroscopy using oscillating diffusion gradients was used to measure mean axon diameters with high sensitivity to small axons in the central nervous system. Axon diameters have been found to be correlated with a novel metric, DDR⊥ (the rate of dispersion of the perpendicular diffusion coefficient with gradient frequency), which is a model-free quantity that does not require complex data analyses and can be obtained from two diffusion coefficient measurements in clinically relevant times with conventional MRI machines. A comprehensive investigation including computer simulations and animal experiments ex vivo showed that measurements of DDR⊥ agree closely with histological data. In humans in vivo, DDR⊥ was also found to correlate well with reported mean axon diameters in human corpus callosum, and the total scan time was only about 8 min. In conclusion, DDR⊥ may have potential to serve as a fast, simple and model-free approach to map the mean axon diameter of white matter in clinics for assessing axon diameter changes.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Axons; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Humans; Male; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors
PubMed: 27077155
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3484 -
International Ophthalmology Feb 2022To compare pupillary responses in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during active infection and at 3rd months post-infection.
AIM
To compare pupillary responses in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during active infection and at 3rd months post-infection.
METHODS
This study included 58 COVID-19 cases (mean age 47.23 ± 1.1 years). The scotopic, mesopic and photopic diameters were noted. Pupil diameters were noted at the 0, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th seconds in reflex pupil dilation after the termination of a light. The average dilation speed was calculated at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th seconds. Pupil responses measured during COVID-19 infection and 3 months later were compared.
RESULTS
The mean scotopic and mesopic pupil diameter value of during COVID-19 infection was found lower than the 3rd month post-infection. (p = 0.001, p = 0.023; respectively). No statistically significant difference was found in the mean photopic pupil diameter and the mean pupil diameter at 0 s between measurements (p > 0.05, p = 0.734; respectively). The mean pupil diameter was significantly lower during COVID-19 infection at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th seconds (p < 0.01, for each). The average dilation speed measurements at every second measured were lower in during COVID-19 infection than the 3rd months later (p = 0.001; p < 0.01 for each).
CONCLUSIONS
Pupil responses were found significantly different in COVID-19 cases when compared with the measurements taken three months later.
Topics: COVID-19; Color Vision; Humans; Middle Aged; Pupil; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34613562
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02053-z -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... May 2024The lipid fraction, fatty acid profile, and diameter of fat globules of infant formulas show great differences from human milk. These characteristics influence fat...
OBJECTIVES
The lipid fraction, fatty acid profile, and diameter of fat globules of infant formulas show great differences from human milk. These characteristics influence fat digestion and, consequently, the development and health of infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diameter of fat globules in infant formulas and compare them with those in human milk.
METHODS
The diameter of fat globules of 10 infant formulas and human milk samples was determined using scanning electron microscopy.
RESULTS
The starter infant formula was the only one that showed a mean diameter value (3.52 ± 2.17 µm) similar to that obtained for human milk (3.44 ± 1.68 µm). The starter infant formula showed the highest values of volume-surface D (6.13 µm) and volume-weighted D, (7.05 µm) mean diameters among the infant formulas analyzed, and close to those obtained for the human milk sample (5.16 and 5.98 µm, respectively). The infant formulas whey protein partially hydrolyzed, soy protein isolate-based, whey protein extensively hydrolyzed, and thickened with pregelatinized starch had the lowest mean diameters of fat globules 0.64 ± 0.22, 0.70 ± 0.19, 1.06 ± 0.34, and 1.22 ± 0.48 µm, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The analysis of principal components showed that none of the analyzed infant formulas had similarity with the diameter of fat globules and the fatty acid profile of human milk.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Infant Formula; Whey Proteins; Milk, Human; Fatty Acids; Glycoproteins
PubMed: 38458145
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112264 -
The Journal of Vascular Access Dec 2023The anatomy of the femoral artery and vein plays an integral role in vascular access. Both technical feasibility and complication rates are associated with femoral...
BACKGROUND
The anatomy of the femoral artery and vein plays an integral role in vascular access. Both technical feasibility and complication rates are associated with femoral vessel diameter and depth. The goal of this study is to establish normative values for common femoral artery (CFA) and vein (CFV) depth and diameter using a large, diverse patient population.
METHODS
A retrospective review of all patients undergoing lower extremity venous duplex imaging over a 1 year period were reviewed. Patients with inadequate imaging or with evidence of deep vein thrombosis were excluded. The index image of all studies was a non-compressed view of the common femoral vein at the saphenous-femoral junction. All measurements were taken from this still. Vessel diameters were measured from intima to intima. Depth was measured from skin to intima. BMI and BSA were calculated using standard formulas. Chi square was used for univariate analysis. Linear regression was used to establish correlation.
RESULTS
Over the 1 year period, 983 patients met criteria for inclusion. The majority were male (53%) with a mean age of 55. The patients were 47% white and 44% black. The majority had hypertension (53%). The mean BMI and BSA were 29 and 2, respectively. Mean CFA depth was 1.7 cm, while mean CFV depth was 1.8 cm. The mean CFA and CFV diameters were 0.9 and 1.1 cm, respectively. Amongst height, weight, BMI, and BSA, weight correlated best with CFA ( = 0.548) and CFV ( = 0.552) depth, while BSA correlated best for diameter for both CFA ( = 0.390) and CFV ( = 0.440).
CONCLUSIONS
This study establishes mean diameters and depths for the common femoral artery and vein using a large, diverse patient group. BSA was most closely associated with vessel diameter, while weight was correlated with depth. This study provides normative diameter and depth values for the common femoral vasculature, which may assist in vascular access planning for providers.
PubMed: 38087816
DOI: 10.1177/11297298231200036 -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Jan 2022Previous methods used to infer axon diameter distributions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) primarily use single diffusion encoding sequences such as pulsed...
Previous methods used to infer axon diameter distributions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) primarily use single diffusion encoding sequences such as pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) and are thus sensitive to axons of diameters >5 μm. We applied oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE) sequences to study human axons in the 1-2 μm range in the corpus callosum, which include the majority of axons constituting cortical connections. The ActiveAx model was applied to calculate the fitted mean effective diameter for axons (AxD) and was compared with values found using histology. Axon diameters from histological data were calculated using three different datasets; true diameters (minimum diameter), a combination of minimum and maximum diameters, and diameters measured across a consistent diffusion direction. The AxD estimates from MRI were 1.8 ± 0.1 μm to 2.34 ± 0.04 μm with an average of 2.0 ± 0.2 μm for the ActiveAx model. The histology AxD values were 1.43 ± 0.02 μm when using the true minimum axon diameters, 5.52 ± 0.02 μm when using the combination of minimum and maximum axon diameters, and 2.20 ± 0.02 μm when collecting measurements across a consistent diffusion direction. This experiment demonstrates the first known usage of OGSE to calculate axon diameters in the human corpus callosum on a 1-2 μm scale. The importance for the model to account for axonal orientation dispersion is indicated by histological results which more closely match the MRI model results depending on the direction of axon diameter measurements. These initial steps using this non-invasive imaging method can be applied to future methodology to develop in vivo axon diameter measurements in human brain tissue.
Topics: Axons; Brain; Corpus Callosum; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 34662703
DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2021.10.014 -
Lymphatic Research and Biology Jun 2021Until now, lymphatic ultrasound was performed with the patients in the prone position. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in the lymphatic diameter in...
Until now, lymphatic ultrasound was performed with the patients in the prone position. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in the lymphatic diameter in different body positions. We performed a retrospective study. We performed indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography and lymphatic ultrasound as a pre-operative examination for lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA). ICG was injected at three lymphosomes per limb (the saphenous lymphatics, lateral thigh lymphatics, and lateral calf lymphatics). For the lymphatic ultrasound, a commonly used ultrasound device with an 18 MHz linear probe was employed. We measured the lymphatic diameter in the designed LVA sites in prone, sitting, and upright position. We investigated 61 limbs of 31 female patients with lower limb lymphedema. The mean age was 62.0 (range: 42-86) years. We measured the lymphatic diameter at 78 sites in the thigh and 76 sites in the lower leg. In the thigh, the mean lymphatic diameters in the supine and upright positions were 0.43 ± 0.02 mm and 0.40 ± 0.02 mm, respectively, with no significant difference ( = 0.10). In the lower leg, the mean lymphatic diameters in the supine, sitting, and upright positions were 0.68 ± 0.04 mm, 0.63 ± 0.04 mm, and 0.63 ± 0.04, respectively. A significant decrease was noted between the supine and sitting positions ( = 0.02). The lymphatic diameter in the lymphedematous lower limbs tended to decrease when the patients changed their body position from supine to the sitting or upright positions.
Topics: Female; Humans; Indocyanine Green; Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphedema; Lymphography; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33058749
DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2020.0081 -
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Jan 2022While distal radial artery (DRA) access is increasingly being used for diagnostic coronary angiography, limited information is available regarding DRA size. We aimed to...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
While distal radial artery (DRA) access is increasingly being used for diagnostic coronary angiography, limited information is available regarding DRA size. We aimed to determine the DRA reference diameters of Korean patients and identify the predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm.
METHODS
The outer bilateral DRA diameters were assessed using a linear ultrasound probe in 1,162 consecutive patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography. The DRA diameter was measured by the perpendicular angle in the dorsum of the hand, and the average values were compared by sex. DRA diameter < 2.3 mm was defined as unsuitable for routine diagnostic coronary angiography using a 5 Fr introducer sheath.
RESULTS
The mean DRA diameters were 2.31 ± 0.43 mm (right) and 2.35 ± 0.45 mm (left). The DRA was smaller in women than men (right: 2.15 ± 0.38 mm vs. 2.43 ± 0.44 mm, p < 0.001; left: 2.18 ± 0.39 mm vs. 2.47 ± 0.45 mm, p < 0.001). The DRA diameter was approximately 20% smaller than the radial artery diameter. A total of 630 (54.2%) and 574 (49.4%) patients had DRA diameter < 2.3 mm in the right and left hands, respectively. Female sex, low body mass index (BMI), and low body surface area (BSA) were significant predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm.
CONCLUSION
We provided reference DRA diameters for Korean patients. Approximately 50% of the studied patients had DRA diameter < 2.3 mm. Female sex, low BMI, and low BSA remained significant predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Coronary Angiography; Female; Hand; Humans; Male; Radial Artery; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35000375
DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.685 -
European Radiology Experimental 2017Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. As an association between MS and reduced cerebral venous blood drainage was hypothesised, our...
BACKGROUND
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. As an association between MS and reduced cerebral venous blood drainage was hypothesised, our aim was to compare the size of the jugular foramina in patients with MS and in control subjects.
METHODS
Ethics committee approval was received for this retrospective case-control study. We collected imaging and clinical data of 53 patients with MS (23 men, mean age 45 ± 9 years) and an age/gender-matched control group of 53 patients without MS (23 men, mean age 46 ± 10 years). The minimal diameter of both jugular foramina was measured on T1-weighted contrast-enhanced axial magnetic resonance images; the two diameters were summed. Student test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for analysis. Reproducibility was estimated using the Bland-Altman method.
RESULTS
The mean diameter of the right foramen in patients with MS (6.3 ± 1.6 mm) was 10% smaller than that of the controls (7.0 ± 1.4 mm) ( = 0.020); the mean diameter of the left foramen in patients with MS (5.6 ± 1.3 mm) was 7% smaller than that of the controls (6.0 ± 1.3 mm) ( = 0.089). The sum of the diameters of both jugular foramina in patients with MS (mean 11.9 ± 2.3 mm) was 8% smaller ( = 0.009) than that of the controls (mean 13.0 ± 2.1 mm). The differences in diameters between patients with relapsing-remitting MS and patients with secondary progressive MS were not significant ( ≥ 0.332). There was no significant correlation between foramen diameters and the expanded disability status scale ( ≥ 0.079). Intra-reader and inter-reader reproducibility were 91% and 88%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Jugular foramen diameter in patients with MS was 7-10% smaller than that in controls, regardless of the MS disease course.
PubMed: 29708201
DOI: 10.1186/s41747-017-0008-3