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Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... Sep 2023Carbendazim is a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide that is used to control various fungal diseases in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Carbendazim is also used... (Review)
Review
Carbendazim is a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide that is used to control various fungal diseases in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Carbendazim is also used in post-harvest applications to prevent fungal growth on fruits and vegetables during storage and transportation. Carbendazim is regulated in many countries and banned in others, thus, there is a need for the sensing of carbendazim to ensure that high levels are avoided which can result in potential health risks. One approach is the use of electroanalytical sensors which present a rapid, but highly selective and sensitive output, whilst being economical and providing portable sensing platforms to support on-site analysis. In this minireview, we report on the electroanalytical sensing of carbendazim overviewing recent advances, helping to elucidate the electrochemical mechanism and provide conclusions and future perspectives of this field.
Topics: Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Vegetables; Fruit
PubMed: 37721714
DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01053h -
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular... Dec 2022The extensive production and use of harmful pesticides in agriculture to improve crop yield has raised concerns about their potential threat to living components of the... (Review)
Review
The extensive production and use of harmful pesticides in agriculture to improve crop yield has raised concerns about their potential threat to living components of the environment. Pesticides cause serious environmental and health problems both to humans and animals. Carbendazim (CBZ) is a broad spectrum fungicide that is used to control or effectively kill pathogenic microorganisms. CBZ is a significant contaminant found in food, soil and water. It exerts immediate and delayed harmful effects on humans, invertebrates, aquatic animals and soil microbes when used extensively and repeatedly. CBZ is a teratogenic, mutagenic and aneugenic agent that imparts its toxicity by enhancing generation of reactive oxygen species generation. It elevates the oxidation of thiols, proteins and lipids and decreases the activities of antioxidant enzymes. CBZ is cytotoxic causing hematological abnormalities, mitotic spindle deformity, inhibits mitosis and alters cell cycle events which lead to apoptosis. CBZ is known to cause endocrine-disruption, embryo toxicity, infertility, hepatic dysfunction and has been reported to be one of the leading causes of neurodegenerative disorders. CBZ is dangerous to human health, the most common side effects upon chronic exposure are thyroid gland dysfunction and oxidative hepato-nephrotoxicity. In mammals, CBZ has been shown to disrupt the antioxidant defense system. In this review, CBZ-induced toxicity in different cells, tissues and organisms, under in vitro and in vivo conditions, has been systematically discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Antioxidants; Fungicides, Industrial; Mammals; Cell Line; Soil
PubMed: 35929398
DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23194 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2023Carbendazim, a systemic fungicide, is one of the most commonly detected pesticides in cowpeas. Pickled cowpea is a fermented vegetable product with unique flavor favored...
Carbendazim, a systemic fungicide, is one of the most commonly detected pesticides in cowpeas. Pickled cowpea is a fermented vegetable product with unique flavor favored in China. The dissipation and degradation of carbendazim were investigated in the pickled process. The degradation rate constant of carbendazim in pickled cowpeas was 0.9945 and the half-life of the carbendazim was 14.06 ± 0.82 d. Seven transformation products (TPs) were identified in the pickled process. Furthermore, the toxicity of some TPs show more harmful to three aquatic organisms (TP134) and rats (all the identified TPs) than carbendazim. And most of the TPs posed more development toxicity and mutagenicity than carbendazim. 4 out of 7 TPs were discovered in the real pickled cowpea samples. These results shed light on the degradation and biotransformation of the carbendazim in the pickled process, to better understand the potential health risk of pickled food and evaluate the environmental pollution.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Vigna; Carbamates; Biotransformation; Pesticides
PubMed: 36868064
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135766 -
Carbendazim: Ecological risks, toxicities, degradation pathways and potential risks to human health.Chemosphere Feb 2023Carbendazim is a highly effective benzimidazole fungicide and is widely used throughout the world. The effects of carbendazim contamination on the biology and... (Review)
Review
Carbendazim is a highly effective benzimidazole fungicide and is widely used throughout the world. The effects of carbendazim contamination on the biology and environment should be paid more attention. We reviewed the published papers to evaluate the biological and environmental risks of carbendazim residues. The carbendazim has been frequently detected in the soil, water, air, and food samples and disrupted the soil and water ecosystem balances and functions. The carbendazim could induce embryonic, reproductive, developmental and hematological toxicities to different model animals. The carbendazim contamination can be remediated by photodegradation and chemical and microbial degradation. The carbendazim could enter into human body through food, drinking water and skin contact. Most of the existing studies were completed in the laboratory, and further studies should be conducted to reveal the effects of successive carbendazim applications in the field.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Ecosystem; Fungicides, Industrial; Benzimidazoles; Soil
PubMed: 36592835
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137723 -
Photochemistry and Photobiology 2023Carbendazim (MBC) is a high-efficient and broad-spectrum fungicide, but excessive residues caused by its improper use have caused health toxicity and environmental...
Carbendazim (MBC) is a high-efficient and broad-spectrum fungicide, but excessive residues caused by its improper use have caused health toxicity and environmental pollution. It is an irresistible trend to find green, safe, accurate and controllable release technology of MBC. To achieve the purpose of safe and efficient use of MBC, photolabile protecting group was used to realize the controllable release. This study aimed to covalently link MBC and 6-nitropiperonyl alcohol (NP) to synthesize photocaged molecule NP-MBC. The photodegradation test showed that NP-MBC could effectively release MBC under ultraviolet light. The antifungal activity of NP-MBC showed significant difference against Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum before and after irradiation, and the effects on mycelial morphology are different. The hyphae morphology of R. solani and F. graminearum changed significantly, and mycelia were severely damaged. The hyphae surface of former was swollen and broken, and the latter was collapsed and shriveled after NP-MBC light treatment. NP-MBC could realize the light-controlled release of MBC, and the antifungal activity before and after irradiation was significantly different, which provides an effective way to release MBC.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Fusarium; Fungicides, Industrial; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates
PubMed: 36627227
DOI: 10.1111/php.13779 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Oct 2020Carbendazim (CBZ), which is a fungicide widely used for the management of plant diseases, has been detected in a number of food products. The negative effects of CBZ to... (Review)
Review
Carbendazim (CBZ), which is a fungicide widely used for the management of plant diseases, has been detected in a number of food products. The negative effects of CBZ to human health have stimulated the reduction of the maximum residue limits (MRLs), and subsequently the development of reliable and sensitive detection methods. Here, we are reviewing for the first time all reported chromatographic methods for the detection and quantification of CBZ in food. Several techniques, including liquid chromatography (LC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), were used for the separation and detection of CBZ, showing diverse characteristics and sensitivity. Some methods allowed the specific determination of CBZ, whereas other methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantification of a huge number of pesticides. Most reported methods showed limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) lower than the MRLs. Relevant efforts in the field have been directed toward the simplification and optimization of the extraction steps prior to the chromatographic separation to increase the recovery and reduce the matrix effects. In this Review, the matrices, extraction procedures, and separation and detection parameters are detailed and compared in order to provide new insights on the development of new reliable methods for the detection of CBZ in food.
Topics: Animals; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Chromatography, Liquid; Food Contamination; Fruit; Fungicides, Industrial; Humans; Meat; Pesticide Residues; Vegetables
PubMed: 33059442
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04225 -
Anti-cancer Agents in Medicinal... 2018A number of benzimidazole derivatives such as benomyl and carbendazim have been known for their potential role as agricultural fungicides. Simultaneously carbendazim has... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
A number of benzimidazole derivatives such as benomyl and carbendazim have been known for their potential role as agricultural fungicides. Simultaneously carbendazim has also been found to inhibit proliferation of mammalian tumor cells specifically drug and multidrug resistant cell lines.
OBJECTIVE
To understand the dual role of Carbendazim as a fungicide and an anticancer agent, the study has been planned referring to the earlier studies in literature.
RESULTS
Studies carried out with fungal and mammalian cells have highlighted the potential role of carbendazim in inhibiting proliferation of cells, thereby exhibiting therapeutic implications against cancer. Because of its promising preclinical antitumor activity, Carbendazim had undergone phase I clinical trials and is under further clinical investigations for the treatment of cancer. A number of theoretical interactions have been pinpointed. There are many anticancer drugs in the market, but their usefulness is limited because of drug resistance in a significant proportion of patients. The hunger for newer drugs drives anticancer drug discovery research on a global platform and requires innovations to ensure a sustainable pipeline of lead compounds.
CONCLUSION
Current review highlights the dual role of carbendazim as a fungicide and an anticancer agent. Further, the harmful effects of carbendazim and emphasis upon the need for more pharmacokinetic studies and pharmacovigilance data to ascertain its clinical significance, have also been discussed.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Cell Proliferation; Fungicides, Industrial; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 28003000
DOI: 10.2174/1871520616666161221113623 -
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces... Sep 2023The application of active metal-based nanoscale catalysts as signal enhancers for chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is restricted by poor thermodynamic stability and...
The application of active metal-based nanoscale catalysts as signal enhancers for chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is restricted by poor thermodynamic stability and ease of aggregation. For the present exploration, zirconium-based MOFs UiO-66-NH were adopted as supports to load cobalt species by an impregnation-reduction approach. Cobalt species were uniformly distributed in the framework architecture of the MOF materials. The prepared cobalt-loaded MOF hybrids, noted as UiO-66-NH/Co, display superior chemiluminescence (CL) catalytic activity owing to the introduction of cobalt catalytic centers. The CL catalytic capability of UiO-66-NH/Co hybrids is about 18 times of that of free cobalt ions at the same cobalt amount. The results of mechanism exploration manifest that the hybrids are capable of accelerating the decay of hydrogen peroxide and promoting the yield of reactive oxygen species. Based on their remarkable CL catalytic capability, a CLIA approach was proposed to monitor carbendazim by adopting the hybrids as signal probes, which showed the merits of high sensitivity and satisfactory selectivity. Carbendazim was quantitated within a concentration range of 0.05 to 60 ng mL, with a detection limit of 19.8 pg mL. The results for monitoring spiked samples verify the acceptable practicality of the proposed CLIA approach.
Topics: Cobalt; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates
PubMed: 37643321
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01634 -
Microbiome Apr 2022It is worrisome that several pollutants can enhance the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, including agricultural fungicides. As an...
BACKGROUND
It is worrisome that several pollutants can enhance the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, including agricultural fungicides. As an important bioindicator for environmental risk assessment, earthworm is still a neglected focus that the effects of the fungicide carbendazim (CBD) residues on the gut microbiome and resistome are largely unknown. In this study, Eisenia fetida was selected to investigate the effects of CBD in the soil-earthworm systems using shotgun metagenomics and qPCR methods.
RESULTS
CBD could significantly perturb bacterial community and enrich specific bacteria mainly belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria. More importantly, CBD could serve as a co-selective agent to elevate the abundance and diversity of ARGs, particularly for some specific types (e.g., multidrug, glycopeptide, tetracycline, and rifamycin resistance genes) in the earthworm gut. Additionally, host tracking analysis suggested that ARGs were mainly carried in some genera of the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, the level of ARGs was positively relevant to the abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and some representative co-occurrence patterns of ARGs and MGEs (e.g., cmx-transposase and sul1-integrase) were further found on the metagenome-assembled contigs in the CBD treatments.
CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded that the enhancement effect of CBD on the resistome in the earthworm gut may be attributed to its stress on the gut microbiome and facilitation on the ARGs dissemination mediated by MGEs, which may provide a novel insight into the neglected ecotoxicological risk of the widely used agrochemicals on the gut resistome of earthworm dwelling in soil. Video abstract.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Fungicides, Industrial; Genes, Bacterial; Microbiota; Oligochaeta; Soil
PubMed: 35436900
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01261-8 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Apr 2022Carbendazim (CBZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicide widely used in many nations for foliar spray as well as seed and soil treatment. The resulting contamination and...
Carbendazim (CBZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicide widely used in many nations for foliar spray as well as seed and soil treatment. The resulting contamination and environmental pollution have been drawing public attention. In particular, CBZ was reported to cause liver damage in rats and zebrafish, and the mechanisms of its toxicity have not been clarified. The purposes of this study were to investigate the metabolic activation of CBZ and to determine a possible role of the reactive metabolites in CBZ-induced liver injury reported. One oxidative metabolite (M1), one glutathione conjugate (M2), and one -acetyl cysteine conjugate (M3) were detected in human and rat liver microsomal incubations fortified with glutathione or -acetyl cysteine after exposure to CBZ. CYP1A2 was the major enzyme responsible for the metabolic activation of CBZ. Biliary M2 and urinary M3 were detected in rats treated with CBZ. CBZ-derived protein adduction was found in cultured rat primary hepatocytes treated with CBZ. The increase of administration concentration intensified not only the cytotoxicity but also protein adduction induced by CBZ, suggesting a correlation of the cytotoxicity with the observed protein modification. The findings facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of toxic action of CBZ.
Topics: Activation, Metabolic; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Glutathione; Microsomes, Liver; Rats; Zebrafish
PubMed: 35316061
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08144