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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of highly effective, low-toxicity, systemic broad-spectrum fungicides developed in the 1960s and 1970s, based on the fungicidal... (Review)
Review
Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of highly effective, low-toxicity, systemic broad-spectrum fungicides developed in the 1960s and 1970s, based on the fungicidal activity of the benzimidazole ring structure. They exhibit biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Due to their particularly outstanding antibacterial properties, they are widely used in agriculture to prevent and control various plant diseases caused by fungi. The main products of benzimidazole fungicides include benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, albendazole, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, fuberidazole, methyl (1-{[(5-cyanopentyl)amino]carbonyl}-1-benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamate, and carbendazim salicylate. This article mainly reviews the physicochemical properties, toxicological properties, disease control efficacy, and pesticide residue and detection technologies of the aforementioned nine benzimidazole fungicides and their main metabolite (2-aminobenzimidazole). On this basis, a brief outlook on the future research directions of benzimidazole fungicides is presented.
Topics: Fungicides, Industrial; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Thiophanate; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38542855
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29061218 -
Micromachines Sep 2023Carbendazim, a fungicide widely used in agriculture, has been classified as a hazardous chemical by the World Health Organization due to its environmental persistence.... (Review)
Review
Carbendazim, a fungicide widely used in agriculture, has been classified as a hazardous chemical by the World Health Organization due to its environmental persistence. It is prohibited in several countries; therefore, detecting it in food and environmental samples is highly necessary. A reliable, rapid, and low-cost method uses electrochemical sensors and biosensors, especially those modified with carbon-based materials with good analytical performance. In this review, we summarize the use of carbon-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting carbendazim in environmental and food matrixes, with a particular interest in the role of carbon materials. Focus on publications between 2018 and 2023 that have been describing the use of carbon nanotubes, carbon nitride, graphene, and its derivatives, and carbon-based materials as modifiers, emphasizing the analytical performance obtained, such as linear range, detection limit, selectivity, and the matrix where the detection was applied.
PubMed: 37763915
DOI: 10.3390/mi14091752 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2021Pre-sowing seed treatment with systemic fungicides is a firmly entrenched practice for most agricultural crops worldwide. The treatment is intended to protect the crop... (Review)
Review
Pre-sowing seed treatment with systemic fungicides is a firmly entrenched practice for most agricultural crops worldwide. The treatment is intended to protect the crop against seed- and soil-borne diseases. In recent years, there is increasing evidence that fungicidal applications to manage diseases might inadvertently also affect non-target organisms, such as endophytes. Endophytes are ubiquitously present in plants and contribute to plant growth and development besides offering resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In seeds, endophytes may play a role in seed development, seed germination, seedling establishment and crop performance. In this paper, we review the recent literature on non-target effects of fungicidal applications on endophytic fungal community and discuss the possible consequences of indiscriminate seed treatment with systemic fungicide on seed endophytes. It is now well recognized that endophytes are ubiquitously present in all parts of the plant, including the seeds. They may be transmitted vertically from seed to seed as in many grasses and/or acquired horizontally from the soil and the environment. Though the origins and evolution of these organisms in plants are a matter of conjecture, numerous studies have shown that they symbiotically aid in plant growth and development, in nutrient acquisition as well in protecting the plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Against this background, it is reasonable to assume that the use of systemic fungicides in seed treatment may not only affect the seed endophytes but also their attendant benefits to seedling growth and establishment. While there is evidence to indicate that fungicidal applications to manage plant diseases also affect foliar endophytes, there are only few studies that have documented the effect of seed treatment on seed-borne endophytes. Some of the convincing examples of the latter come from studies on the effect of fungicide application on rye grass seed endophyte AR37. More recently, experiments have shown that removal of seed endophytes by treatment with systemic fungicides leads to significant loss of seedling vigour and that such losses could be partially restored by enriching the seedlings with the lost endophytes. Put together, these studies reinforce the importance of seed endophytes to seedling growth and establishment and draw attention on how to trade the balance between the benefits of seed treatments and the direct and indirect costs incurred due to loss of endophytes. Among several approaches, use of reduced-risk fungicides and identifying fungicide-resistant endophytes are suggested to sustain the endophyte contribution to early seedling growth.
PubMed: 34408757
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.654512 -
3 Biotech Jun 2021Banana ( spp.), a major cash and staple fruit crop in many parts of the world, is infected by wilt, which contributes up to 100% yield loss and causes social... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Banana ( spp.), a major cash and staple fruit crop in many parts of the world, is infected by wilt, which contributes up to 100% yield loss and causes social consequences. Race 1 and race 2 of Panama wilt caused by f. sp. () are prevalent worldwide and seriously affect many traditional varieties. The threat of tropical race 4 ( TR4) is looming large in African counties. However, its incidence in India has been confined to Bihar (Katihar and Purnea), Uttar Pradesh (Faizabad), Madhya Pradesh (Burhanpur) and Gujarat (Surat). Management of races by employing fungicides is often not a sustainable option as the disease spread is rapid and they negatively alter the biodiversity of beneficial ectophytes and endophytes. Besides, soil drenching with carbendazim/trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole is also not effective in suppressing the wilt of banana. Improvement of resistance to wilt in susceptible cultivars is being addressed through both conventional and advanced breeding approaches. However, engineering of banana endosphere with bacterial endophytes from resistant genotypes like Pisang lilly and YKM5 will induce the immune response against , irrespective of races. The composition of the bacterial endomicrobiome in different banana cultivars is dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The major bacterial endophytic genera antagonistic to are , , , , , , , , spp., sp., spp. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . These bacterial endophytes promote the growth of banana plantlets by solubilising phosphate, producing indole acetic acid and siderophores. Application of banana endophytes during the hardening phase of tissue-cultured clones serves as a shield against . Hitherto, MAMP molecules of endophytes including flagellin, liposaccharides, peptidoglycans, elongation factor, cold shock proteins and hairpins induce microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity to suppress plant pathogens. The cascade of events associated with ISR and SAR is induced through MAPK and transcription factors including WRKY and MYC. Studies are underway to exploit the potential of antagonistic bacterial endophytes against isolates and to develop an understanding of the MAMP-triggered immunity and metabolomics cross talk modulating resistance. This review explores the possibility of harnessing the potential bacterial endomicrobiome against and developing nanoformulations with bacterial endophytes for increased efficacy against lethal pathogenic races of infecting banana.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02833-5.
PubMed: 34017673
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02833-5 -
BMC Microbiology Aug 2020Yeasts, which are ubiquitous in agroecosystems, are known to degrade various xenobiotics. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of fungicides on the abundance...
BACKGROUND
Yeasts, which are ubiquitous in agroecosystems, are known to degrade various xenobiotics. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of fungicides on the abundance of natural yeast communities colonizing winter wheat leaves, to evaluate the sensitivity of yeast isolates to fungicides in vivo, and to select yeasts that degrade propiconazole.
RESULTS
Fungicides applied during the growing season generally did not affect the counts of endophytic yeasts colonizing wheat leaves. Propiconazole and a commercial mixture of flusilazole and carbendazim decreased the counts of epiphytic yeasts, but the size of the yeast community was restored after 10 days. Epoxiconazole and a commercial mixture of fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole clearly stimulated epiphyte growth. The predominant species isolated from leaves were Aureobasidium pullulans and Rhodotorula glutinis. In the disk diffusion test, 14 out of 75 yeast isolates were not sensitive to any of the tested fungicides. After 48 h of incubation in an aqueous solution of propiconazole, the Rhodotorula glutinis Rg 55 isolate degraded the fungicide in 75%. Isolates Rh. glutinis Rg 92 and Rg 55 minimized the phytotoxic effects of propiconazole under greenhouse conditions. The first isolate contributed to an increase in the dry matter content of wheat seedlings, whereas the other reduced the severity of chlorosis.
CONCLUSION
Not sensitivity of many yeast colonizing wheat leaves on the fungicides and the potential of isolate Rhodotorula glutinis Rg 55 to degrade of propiconazole was established. Yeast may partially eliminate the ecologically negative effect of fungicides.
Topics: Colony Count, Microbial; Fungicides, Industrial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbial Viability; Plant Leaves; Triazoles; Triticum; Yeasts
PubMed: 32758148
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01885-6 -
Bioengineered Dec 2021The present study was focused on comparison of four typical fungicides in ginseng field to evaluate the impact of the different fungicides on the soil bacterial and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The present study was focused on comparison of four typical fungicides in ginseng field to evaluate the impact of the different fungicides on the soil bacterial and fungal communities' composition and diversity by using high-throughput sequencing. Five treatments were designed comprising carbendazim (D), dimethyl disulfide (E), dazomet (M), calcium cyanamide (S), and control (C). The application of fungicide obviously altered the distribution of dominant fungal and bacterial communities and remarkably decreased the diversity (1099-763 and 6457-2245). The most abundant obviously degenerate in fungicide-treated soil and minimum in E (0.09%) compared to control (25.72%). The relative abundance of was reduced from 27.76 (C) to 7.14% after applying fungicide and minimum in E. The phylum are both decomposers of organic matter and enemies of soil-borne pathogens, elevated from 11.62 to 51.54% and are high in E. The fungi community mainly distributed into that enriched from 66.09 to 88.21% and highin M and E (88.21 and 85.10%), and reduced from 21.13 to 3.23% and low in M and E (5.27 and 3.23%). Overall, environmentally related fungicides decreased the diversity and altered the composition of bacterial and fungal communities, highest sensitivity present in dimethyl disulfide-treated soil.
Topics: Bacteria; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Crops, Agricultural; Cyanamide; Disulfides; Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Panax; Phylogeny; Soil Microbiology; Thiadiazines
PubMed: 34595989
DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1982277 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022sp. CTN-16 (GenBank FJ598326) can degrade chlorothalonil (CTN) but not carbendazim (MBC), and sp. MBC-3 (GenBank OK667229) can degrade MBC but not CTN. A functional...
sp. CTN-16 (GenBank FJ598326) can degrade chlorothalonil (CTN) but not carbendazim (MBC), and sp. MBC-3 (GenBank OK667229) can degrade MBC but not CTN. A functional strain BD2 was obtained by protoplast fusion of CTN-16 and MBC-3 to generate a fusant with improved degradation efficiency of CTN and MBC. Fusant-BD2 with eighth transfer on a medium containing CTN and two antibiotics was obtained. To identify and confirm the genetic relationship between parental strains and fusion strain BD2, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences analysis were carried out. SEM analysis illustrated BD2 and its parents had some slight differences in the cell morphology. Fusant-BD2 not only possessed the same bands as parental strains but also had its specific bands analyzed through RAPD. The genetic similarity indices for BD2 and its parental strains CTN-16 and MBC-3 are 0.571 and 0.428, respectively. The degradation rates of CTN and MBC were 79.8% and 65.2% in the inorganic salt solution containing 50 mg·L CTN and 50 mg·L MBC, respectively, and the degradation efficiencies were better than the parental strains CTN-16 and MBC-3. This study provides a prospect for the application of fusion strain BD2 in bioremediation of CTN and MBC contaminated sites.
PubMed: 35359711
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842736 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2022Terpenoids from natural plant sources are valuable for their diverse biological activities that have important roles in the medical and agrochemical industries. In this...
Terpenoids from natural plant sources are valuable for their diverse biological activities that have important roles in the medical and agrochemical industries. In this study, we assessed the antioxidant, antifungal, and aphicidal activities of a mixture of spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol from the leaves of Citrullus colocynthis. We used 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to assess antioxidant activity, and we measured antifungal activity using mycelium growth inhibition assays with three pathogenic fungi, Magnaporthe grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora infestans. Aphicidal activity against adults of Myzus persicae was determined using in vitro and in vivo assays. Spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol exhibited moderate antioxidant activity, even at lower concentrations: 19.98% at 0.78 µg mL, 31.52% at 3.0 µg mL, 36.61% at 12.5 µg mL, and 49.76% at 50 µg mL. Spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol showed reasonable levels of fungicidal activity toward R. solani and M. grisea, with EC values of 129.5 and 206.1 µg mL, respectively. The positive controls boscalid and carbendazim were highly effective against all fungi except boscalid for M. grisea (EC = 868 µg mL) and carbendazim for P. infestans (EC = 8721 µg mL). Significant insecticidal activity was observed in both residual and greenhouse assays, with LC values of 42.46, 54.86, and 180.9 µg mL and 32.71, 42.46, and 173.8 µg mL at 72, 48, and 24 h, respectively. The antioxidant activity of spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol was strongly positively correlated with their antifungal and insecticidal activity. Spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol therefore show good antioxidant and aphicidal activity with moderate fungicidal activity, making them suitable candidates for an alternative to synthetic agents.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Citrullus colocynthis; Plant Leaves; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol; Triterpenes
PubMed: 35318417
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08999-z -
Microbiome Apr 2022It is worrisome that several pollutants can enhance the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, including agricultural fungicides. As an...
BACKGROUND
It is worrisome that several pollutants can enhance the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, including agricultural fungicides. As an important bioindicator for environmental risk assessment, earthworm is still a neglected focus that the effects of the fungicide carbendazim (CBD) residues on the gut microbiome and resistome are largely unknown. In this study, Eisenia fetida was selected to investigate the effects of CBD in the soil-earthworm systems using shotgun metagenomics and qPCR methods.
RESULTS
CBD could significantly perturb bacterial community and enrich specific bacteria mainly belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria. More importantly, CBD could serve as a co-selective agent to elevate the abundance and diversity of ARGs, particularly for some specific types (e.g., multidrug, glycopeptide, tetracycline, and rifamycin resistance genes) in the earthworm gut. Additionally, host tracking analysis suggested that ARGs were mainly carried in some genera of the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, the level of ARGs was positively relevant to the abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and some representative co-occurrence patterns of ARGs and MGEs (e.g., cmx-transposase and sul1-integrase) were further found on the metagenome-assembled contigs in the CBD treatments.
CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded that the enhancement effect of CBD on the resistome in the earthworm gut may be attributed to its stress on the gut microbiome and facilitation on the ARGs dissemination mediated by MGEs, which may provide a novel insight into the neglected ecotoxicological risk of the widely used agrochemicals on the gut resistome of earthworm dwelling in soil. Video abstract.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Fungicides, Industrial; Genes, Bacterial; Microbiota; Oligochaeta; Soil
PubMed: 35436900
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01261-8 -
Chemosphere Mar 2022The use of pesticides in households and peri-urban areas of the Amazon has increased notably during the last years. Yet, the presence of these contaminants in Amazonian...
The use of pesticides in households and peri-urban areas of the Amazon has increased notably during the last years. Yet, the presence of these contaminants in Amazonian freshwater ecosystems remains unexplored. Here, we assessed the exposure to 18 pesticides and 5 transformation products in the Amazon River and in the urban streams of Manaus, Santarém, Macapá, and Belém (Brazil). Pesticide concentrations were analyzed by liquid and gas chromatography methods. Ecological risks were assessed following a two-tiered approach. First, hazard quotients and an overall hazard index were calculated using toxicity data for standard test species of primary producers, invertebrates, and fish. Second, the pesticides showing moderate-to-high ecological risks in the first tier were evaluated using Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs). Our study shows that pesticides are widespread in urban and peri-urban areas of the Brazilian Amazon. The frequency of detection was higher in urban streams than in the Amazon River, with some samples taken in Manaus, Santarém, and Belém containing up to 8 compounds. Most pesticides were measured at relatively low concentrations (ng L), except for malathion, carbendazim and the bulk concentration of chlorpyrifos, which were monitored at concentrations above 100 ng L. Based on the first-tier assessment, we found moderate-to-high risks for freshwater invertebrates for malathion, chlorpyrifos, and chlorpyrifos-methyl, and moderate risks for malathion to fish. The risk assessment performed with SSDs indicated high risks of malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl in urban areas, with up to 15% and 5% of invertebrate species potentially affected, respectively. The bulk concentrations of chlorpyrifos resulted in high risks in some urban areas (14-22% of species affected) and in areas of the main river (32-44%) impacted by agriculture. We conclude that pesticide residues may contribute to a biodiversity impact in the Amazon and should be further monitored in urban and peri-urban areas, particularly after heavy rainfall events.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Pesticides; Risk Assessment; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 34758362
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132821