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Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 1994Monocrotophos is an old product that is still very much appreciated as a low-cost and efficient insecticide. Due to its water solubility, formulation recipes are rather... (Review)
Review
Monocrotophos is an old product that is still very much appreciated as a low-cost and efficient insecticide. Due to its water solubility, formulation recipes are rather simple and no sophisticated equipment is required in a formulation plant. Formulations can easily be manufactured locally where they are going to be used. Formulants and the formulation process do not add much to the total product cost. Monocrotophos is chemically not very stable. A consequence of this property is the marginal shelf life of formulations when stored under tropical conditions. On the other hand, the limited stability of monocrotophos is a most favorable feature in the environment that outweighs the marginal shelf life. By strictly using the "first in-first out" system in stock management, no major problems relating to storage stability will be encountered. An unfavorable characteristic of monocrotophos is its high mammalian toxicity. The objective of future projects will be to develop less toxic formulations.
Topics: Drug Stability; Drug Storage; Emulsions; Hydrolysis; Monocrotophos; Solubility; Temperature
PubMed: 7809419
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7071-0_3 -
Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 1994Monocrotophos is a water-soluble organophosphate insecticide with high oral and moderate dermal toxicity. The toxicologically relevant mode of action is the inhibition... (Review)
Review
Monocrotophos is a water-soluble organophosphate insecticide with high oral and moderate dermal toxicity. The toxicologically relevant mode of action is the inhibition of ChE activities. The toxicity of organophosphate metabolites of monocrotophos is comparable with the parent compound. Glycol conjugation in plant metabolism decreased the acute toxicity significantly. Dephosphorylated metabolites showed no demonstrable acute toxicity. Repeated exposure to the compound leads to initial cumulation of the single-dose effects. At moderate dose levels, the adverse effects are counteracted by an increase of tolerance through adaptation. A study in humans demonstrated no relevant ChE depression over a 30-d period at daily dose levels of up to 0.006 mg/kg. Lifetime chronic feeding studies in rodents again indicated ChE inhibition as the only specific effect. Body weight reduction was limited to high doses. No gross or microscopic specific lesions were demonstrable; especially, there was no evidence of oncogenic effects. Genotoxicity was evident in vitro, whereas comprehensive assessment of the in vivo tests indicates no toxicologically relevant mutagenic potential in mammals. This conclusion is supported by the absence of oncogenic effects in chronic feeding trials. Findings in reproduction studies were limited to secondary fetal reactions that were triggered by maternal toxicity. Acute and repeated administration studies in hens revealed no delayed (degenerative) neurotoxic potential. Monocrotophos showed no significant potentiation with 24 other ChE inhibitors. Poisoning signs after heavy doses were controlled by therapeutic doses of atropine, preferably in combination with an oxime.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Dogs; Female; Humans; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Monocrotophos; Mutation; Neurotoxins; Pest Control; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reproduction; Teratogens; World Health Organization
PubMed: 7809417
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7071-0_2 -
Chemosphere Jul 2021Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate insecticide with broad application in agricultural crops like rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, groundnut and... (Review)
Review
Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate insecticide with broad application in agricultural crops like rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, groundnut and vegetables. MCP solubilize in water readily and thus reduced sorption occurs in soil. This leads to MCP leaching into the groundwater and pose a significant threat of contamination. The MCP's half-life depends on the temperature and pH value and estimated as 17-96 d. But the half-life of technical grade MCP can exceed up to 2500 days if properly stored at 38 °C in a glass or polyethylene container in a stable condition. It causes abnormality, ranging from mild to severe confusion, agitation, hypersalivation, convulsion, pulmonary failure, senescence in mammals and insects. MCP affects humans by inhibiting the activity of the acetylcholine esterase enzyme. MCP is accountable for the catalytic degradation of acetylcholine and affects the neurotransmission between neurons. This review discusses MCP's various aspects and fate on aquatic and terrestrial life forms, quantification methods for monitoring, various degradation processes, and their mechanisms. Different case studies related to its impact on the human population in different parts of the world have been discussed. Efforts have also been made to summarize and present different microbial population's role in its degradation and mineralization.
Topics: Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Humans; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Soil
PubMed: 33676273
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130051 -
Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 1994Monitoring data on field-worker exposure studies show that prolonged or continued use of monocrotophos in plant protection may lead to significant dermal exposure with... (Review)
Review
Monitoring data on field-worker exposure studies show that prolonged or continued use of monocrotophos in plant protection may lead to significant dermal exposure with an impact on cholinesterase activity. Although oral uptake (suicide) is more hazardous than dermal exposure (spray work), both exposure routes may be potentially fatal. On the other hand, prompt therapy is successful even after a heavy oral dose. The epidemiological review did not reveal a prominent risk scenario. Justification of monocrotophos use depends on agricultural need and appropriate safety measures. Eighteen cases of monocrotophos poisoning have been identified in the literature and from the manufacturer's case file. Seven cases were occupational, and nine resulted from suicide attempts. One case was a nonprofessional accident, and one was recorded without details. Further monocrotophos poisoning cases may be concealed in the unspecified data on poisoning among tropical farming communities. However, the fact remains, that only a small number of reliably reported poisoning cases are attributable to monocrotophos products, and the reports confirm the efficacy of basic medical attention to poisoning. This is in contrast to the high hazard classification and to the high perceived hazard of the products in question. Safetywise, monocrotophos appears to be better than its reputation. A level of safety precautions normally recommended for pesticide work is sufficient, even under large-scale professional use conditions, to utilize monocrotophos safely.
Topics: Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Male; Monocrotophos; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; Poisoning; Protective Clothing; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted
PubMed: 7809420
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7071-0_4 -
Cureus Nov 2023Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is the most common type of poisoning in India. Amongst the OP, monocrotophos poisoning has the highest lethality and need for mechanical...
Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is the most common type of poisoning in India. Amongst the OP, monocrotophos poisoning has the highest lethality and need for mechanical ventilation. Monocrotophos is also implicated in causing OP-induced intermediate syndrome, the prevalence of which is 10-40% of all OP poisoning. The other neurological manifestations are delayed neuropathy and neuropsychiatric syndrome. We herein discuss a case of a 58-year-old male who presented with monocrotophos poisoning and intermediate syndrome. During the hospitalisation course, the patient developed hyperammonemic encephalopathy, resulting in difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation. After ruling out all possible causes of hyperammonemia, it was attributed to monocrotophos poisoning. The patient improved significantly after initiating lactulose and was successfully weaned off from the ventilator. This report highlights the high index of suspicion of hyperammonemic encephalopathy in monocrotophos toxicity, which can be easily missed due to other commoner neurological manifestations of organophosphorus poisoning.
PubMed: 38073979
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48527 -
Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 1994Regarding the metabolic fate of monocrotophos, it appears that the mechanisms summarized below are largely independent of the animal species. Furthermore, significant... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Regarding the metabolic fate of monocrotophos, it appears that the mechanisms summarized below are largely independent of the animal species. Furthermore, significant sex dependency of any of these parameters has not been found. ABSORPTION: After oral administration to rats and goats, monocrotophos is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the intestinal tract. There is convincing evidence that monocrotophos is readily absorbed after dermal administration to man, pigs, and rabbits.
DISTRIBUTION
Monocrotophos and/or its metabolites are evenly distributed between the tissues and organs of the animals; usually, the highest concentrations are typically found in organs involved in the elimination process, i.e., liver and kidney. There are no indications for any organ-specific retention. In assessing the relevance of tissue residues, the fact that monocrotophos may contribute to the carbon pool and may thus, via de novo synthesis of endogenous compounds, lead to nonmonocrotophos-related 14C-residues needs to be considered.
METABOLISM
The biotransformation of monocrotophos is well understood. Three different metabolic reactions are involved in the initial biotransformation: N-demethylation, O-demethylation, and cleavage of the vinyl phosphate bond. The compound is completely degradable, ultimately leading to CO2. All carbon atoms of the molecule have the potential to enter the carbon pool. EXCRETION: After absorption and biotransformation, monocrotophos and/or its metabolites are rapidly eliminated from the animals. Excretion is predominantly in the urine, typically 70-90% of the dose, and usually less than 10% is voided with the feces. Significant amounts, i.e., 6% of the crotonamide backbone, is expired as CO2 by rats. In lactating goats, approximately 2% of the dose is eliminated with the milk. Due to the water solubility of monocrotophos, some portion of the dose may escape biotransformation and consequently be excreted unchanged.
Topics: Animals; Biotransformation; Cattle; Female; Goats; Humans; Lactation; Male; Methylation; Monocrotophos; Rats; Skin Absorption; Structure-Activity Relationship; Swine; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 7809421
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7071-0_5 -
N-acetylcysteine ameliorates monocrotophos exposure-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in rat liver.Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods Nov 2022Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate pesticide with well-known toxicity in mammals. Exposure of MCP is associated with altered molecular physiology at sub-cellular...
Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate pesticide with well-known toxicity in mammals. Exposure of MCP is associated with altered molecular physiology at sub-cellular levels. This study investigated the efficacy of -acetylcysteine (NAC) against MCP exposure mediated mitochondrial dysfunctions in hepatic tissue of rats. Male Wistar rats were given NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt), MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt) and NAC together with MCP, intragastrically for 28 consecutive days. Mitochondrial complexes activities were evaluated using biochemical analysis. mRNA expression of mitochondrial complexes subunits, PGC-1α and its downstream regulators were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. Exposure of MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt, intragastrically, 28 d) decreased mitochondrial complexes activities and gene expression of complexes subunits. The expression of PGC-1α, NRF-1, NRF-2, and Tfam was also reduced significantly. The administration of NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt, intragastrically, 28 d) significantly increased mitochondrial complexes activities and gene expression of complexes subunits. Additionally, NAC also maintained mitochondrial functions, and enhanced the gene expression of PGC-1α and its downstream regulators. The results of this study indicate that NAC prevents hepatic mitochondrial dysfunctions and maintains PGC-1α signaling. In conclusion, NAC might be speculated as a therapeutic agent for mitochondrial dysfunctions following toxic exposures.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Liver; Male; Mammals; Mitochondria; Monocrotophos; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 35403558
DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2064258 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Mar 2023Widespread and inadequate use of Monocrotophos has led to several environmental issues. Biodegradation is an ecofriendly method used for detoxification of toxic...
Widespread and inadequate use of Monocrotophos has led to several environmental issues. Biodegradation is an ecofriendly method used for detoxification of toxic monocrotophos. In the present study, Msd2 bacterial strain was isolated from the cotton plant growing in contaminated sites of Sahiwal, Pakistan. Msd2 is capable of utilizing the monocrotophos (MCP) organophosphate pesticide as its sole carbon source for growth. Msd2 was identified as Brucella intermedia on the basis of morphology, biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA sequencing. B. intermedia showed tolerance of MCP up to 100 ppm. The presence of opd candidate gene for pesticide degradation, gives credence to B. intermedia as an effective bacterium to degrade MCP. Screening of the B. intermedia strain Msd2 for plant growth promoting activities revealed its ability to produce ammonia, exopolysaccharides, catalase, amylase and ACC-deaminase, and phosphorus, zinc and potassium solubilization. The optimization of the growth parameters (temperatures, shaking rpm, and pH level) of the MCP-degrading isolate was carried out in minimal salt broth supplemented with MCP. The optimal pH, temperature, and rpm for Msd2 growth were observed as pH 6, 35 °C, and 120 rpm, respectively. Based on optimization results, batch degradation experiment was performed. Biodegradation of MCP by B. intermedia was monitored using HPLC and recorded 78% degradation of MCP at 100 ppm concentration within 7 days of incubation. Degradation of MCP by Msd2 followed the first order reaction kinetics. Plant growth promoting and multi-stress tolerance ability of Msd2 was confirmed by molecular analysis. It is concluded that Brucella intermedia strain Msd2 could be beneficial as potential biological agent for an effective bioremediation for polluted environments.
Topics: Monocrotophos; Biodegradation, Environmental; Gossypium; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Pesticides; Brucella; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 37000294
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03575-7 -
Environmental Research Mar 2024In recent times, usage of pesticide, herbicides and synthetic fertilizers in farming lands has made the environment worse. The pesticide residues and toxic byproducts... (Review)
Review
In recent times, usage of pesticide, herbicides and synthetic fertilizers in farming lands has made the environment worse. The pesticide residues and toxic byproducts from agricultural lands were found to contaminate the aquatic ecosystem. The misuse of synthetic pesticide not only affects the environment, but also affects the health status of aquatic organisms. The organophosphate pesticide pollutants are emerging contaminants, which threatens the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate insecticide, utilized on crops including rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, groundnuts and vegetables. MCP is hydrophilic in nature and their solubilizing properties reduce the soil sorption which leads to groundwater contamination. The half-life period of MCP is 17-96 and the half-life period of technical grade MCP is 2500 days if held stable at 38 °C in a container. MCP causes mild to severe confusion, anxiety, hyper-salivation, convulsion and respiratory distress in mammals as well as aquatic animals. The MCP induced toxicity including survival rate, behavioural changes, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity in different aquatic species have been discussed in this review. Furthermore, the ultimate aim of this review is to highlight the international regulations, future perspectives and challenges involved in using the MCP.
Topics: Animals; Monocrotophos; Insecticides; Aquatic Organisms; Ecosystem; Pesticides; Mammals
PubMed: 38109962
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117947 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Sep 2020Till now monocrotophos (MCP) has been addressed as a neurotoxic stressor. Limited studies investigate its aftermath on bone pathologies. Given the fact that MCP is a...
Till now monocrotophos (MCP) has been addressed as a neurotoxic stressor. Limited studies investigate its aftermath on bone pathologies. Given the fact that MCP is a propensely used insecticide in developing countries, this study investigates its potential to mirror osteoporotic features and bone loss incurred in a rodent model. Briefly, Swiss albino mice were orally gavaged daily with varying doses of MCP for 8 weeks. Musculoskeletal changes were analyzed through micro-computed tomography and histology. A series of in vitro and ex vivo cell culture experiments were performed on MC3T3E-1 and primary osteoclast cultures. Results highlight that oral gavaging with MCP causes bone loss from the cortico-trabecular interface by decreasing the osteoblast and increasing the osteoclast number. Results from in vitro studies establish that MCP treatment increases the TRAP-positive multinucleated cell number during osteoclast differentiation. Ex-vivo experiments with MCP-treated animal sera further substantiate the in vivo claims with significant decreases seen in cell viability, proliferation, mineralization and differentiation studies. In conclusion MCP induces osteoclastogenesis (bone loss) on direct stimulation and alters the circulating factors in MCP-treated serum. Holistically, this work would be of potential significance to patients suffering from pesticide induced osteoporosis.
Topics: Animals; Cancellous Bone; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cortical Bone; Insecticides; Male; Mice; Monocrotophos; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 32360284
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109112