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Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 1994This paper summarizes and reviews a variety of methods that have been and are being used for the determination of residues of monocrotophos. Of the different techniques,... (Review)
Review
This paper summarizes and reviews a variety of methods that have been and are being used for the determination of residues of monocrotophos. Of the different techniques, gas-liquid chromatography was recommended as the technique of choice because it is sensitive as well as selective. The other techniques reviewed may still be useful in cases where gas chromatography is not available. The recommended methods were described in detail to allow their direct use by experienced residue analysts. Some multiresidue methods that include monocrotophos and may be used for surveillance purposes were briefly discussed.
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Colorimetry; Milk; Monocrotophos; Pesticide Residues; Plants; Reference Standards; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 7809418
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7071-0_12 -
Toxicology and Industrial Health Mar 2016Human exposure to monocrotophos, an organophosphate pesticide, could occur due to its high use in agriculture to protect crops. Recently, we found that postlactational...
Human exposure to monocrotophos, an organophosphate pesticide, could occur due to its high use in agriculture to protect crops. Recently, we found that postlactational exposure to monocrotophos impaired cholinergic mechanisms in young rats and such changes persisted even after withdrawal of monocrotophos exposure. In continuation to this, the effect of monocrotophos on noncholinergic targets and role of oxidative stress in its neurotoxicity has been studied. Exposure of rats from postnatal day (PD)22 to PD49 to monocrotophos (0.50 or 1.0 mg kg(-1) body weight, perorally) significantly impaired motor activity and motor coordination on PD50 as compared to controls. A significant decrease in the binding of (3)H-spiperone to striatal membrane (26%, p < 0.01; 30%, p < 0.05) in rats exposed to monocrotophos at both the doses and increase in the binding of (3)H-ketanserin to frontocortical membrane (14%, p > 0.05; 37%, p < 0.05) in those exposed at a higher dose, respectively, was observed on PD50 compared with the controls. Alterations in the binding persisted even after withdrawal of monocrotophos exposure on PD65. Increased oxidative stress in brain regions following exposure of rats to monocrotophos was also observed on PD50 that persisted 15 days after withdrawal of exposure on PD65. The results suggest that monocrotophos exerts its neurobehavioral toxicity by affecting noncholinergic functions involving dopaminergic and serotonergic systems associated with enhanced oxidative stress. The results also exhibit vulnerability of developing brain to monocrotophos as most of the changes persisted even after withdrawal of its exposure.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Female; Monocrotophos; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Dopamine; Receptors, Serotonin
PubMed: 24105069
DOI: 10.1177/0748233713500834 -
Chemosphere Jul 2023With the aim of monocrotophos pesticides detection in environmental and food samples at point-of-care (PoC) application, this research, for the first time, explores...
With the aim of monocrotophos pesticides detection in environmental and food samples at point-of-care (PoC) application, this research, for the first time, explores silica alcogel as an immobilization matrix to support the development of in-house customized nano-enabled "chromagrid-lighbox" as a sensing system. This system is fabricated using laboratory waste materials and demonstrates the detection of highly hazardous monocrotophos pesticide using a smartphone. Nano-enabled chromagrid is a chip-like assembly filled with silica alcogel -a nanomaterial (hence the name "nano-enabled" chromagrid), and "chromogenic reagents" which is required for the enzymatic detection of monocrotophos. Lightbox is the imaging station fabricated to provide constant lighting conditions to the chromagrid to capture accurate colorimetric data. The silica alcogel used in this system was synthesized from Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) via a sol-gel method and characterized using advanced analytical techniques. Further, three chromagrid assays were developed for the optical detection of monocrotophos with a low detection limit (LOD) at 0.421 ng ml (by α-NAc chromagrid assay), 0.493 ng ml (by DTNB chromagrid assay) and 0.811 ng ml (by IDA chromagrid assay). The developed novel PoC chromagrid-lightbox system is capable of on-site detection of monocrotophos in environmental as well as food samples. This system is able to be manufacture prudently using recyclable waste plastic. Overall, such developed eco-friendly PoC testing system will surely manage rapid detection of monocrotophos pesticide needed for environmental and sustainable agricultural management.
Topics: Pesticides; Monocrotophos; Point-of-Care Systems; Smartphone; Silicon Dioxide
PubMed: 37100248
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138704 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Feb 2011In the title compound, C(7)H(14)NO(5)P, the phosphate group displays rotational disorder of three O atoms with an occupancy ratio of 0.832 (6):0.167 (6). The...
In the title compound, C(7)H(14)NO(5)P, the phosphate group displays rotational disorder of three O atoms with an occupancy ratio of 0.832 (6):0.167 (6). The dihedral angle between the acryl-amide group and PO(2) plane of the phosphate group is 75.69 (7)°. In the crystal, inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules.
PubMed: 21522345
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811003898 -
Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2015Monocrotophos, implicated in about 1/4th of organophosphate poisonings in our centre, is associated with the highest mortality (24%). Yet data on its pharmacokinetics in...
INTRODUCTION
Monocrotophos, implicated in about 1/4th of organophosphate poisonings in our centre, is associated with the highest mortality (24%). Yet data on its pharmacokinetics in humans is limited. We estimated the renal elimination half-life of monocrotophos.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Consecutive patients presenting with monocrotophos overdose over a 2-month period who had normal renal function were recruited. Monocrotophos in plasma and urine were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Urine was obtained from catheterised samples at 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-12 and 12-24 h. Plasma specimens were collected at the time of admission, and at the midpoint of the urine sample collections at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 21 h. Renal elimination half-life was calculated from the cumulative amount excreted in the urine.
RESULTS
The cohort of 5 male patients, aged 35.8 ± 2.94 years, presented with typical organophosphate (cholinergic) toxidrome following intentional monocrotophos overdose. All patients required mechanical ventilation; one patient died. Plasma data was available from 5 patients and urine data from 3 patients. The median renal elimination half-life was 3.3 (range: 1.9-5.0 h). Plasma monocrotophos values, as natural log, fell in a linear fashion up to around 10 h after admission. After the 10-hour period, there was a secondary rise in values in all the 3 patients in whom sampling was continued after 10 h.
CONCLUSION
A renal elimination half-life of 3.3 h for monocrotophos is consistent with a water-soluble compound which is rapidly cleared from the plasma. The secondary rise in plasma monocrotophos values suggests possible re-distribution. Determining the elimination profile of this compound will help develop better strategies for treatment.
Topics: Adult; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Half-Life; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Kidney; Male; Monocrotophos; Organophosphate Poisoning; Renal Elimination; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 26065438
DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1054500 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Mar 2023Known organophosphorus pesticides are used widely in agriculture to improve the production of crops. Based on the literature, the degradation of some organophosphorus...
Known organophosphorus pesticides are used widely in agriculture to improve the production of crops. Based on the literature, the degradation of some organophosphorus pesticides was studied theoretically. However, the mechanisms and variation of toxicity during the degradation of mevinphos and monocrotophos are still unclear in the environment, especially in wastewater. In this study, the reaction mechanisms for the degradation of the two representative organophosphorus pesticides (i.e., mevinphos and monocrotophos) in presence of OH radicals in the atmosphere and water are proposed using quantum chemical methods wB97-XD/6-311 + +G(3df,2pd)//wB97-XD/6-311 + +G(d,p). Result shows that the dominant channel is OH-addition to the C atom in CC bond with energy barriers being 15.6 and 14.7 kJ/mol, in the atmosphere and water, respectively, for mevinphos. As for monocrotophos, H-abstraction from NH group via barriers of 8.2 and 10.6 kJ/mol is more feasible in both the atmosphere and water. Moreover, the subsequent reactions of the major products in the atmosphere with NO and O were also studied to evaluate the atmospheric chemistry of mevinphos and monocrotophos. Kinetically, the total rate constant is 2.68 × 10 and 3.86 × 10 cm molecule·s for mevinphos and monocrotophos in the atmosphere and 4.91 × 10 and 7.77 × 10 M s in the water at 298 K, thus the lifetime is estimated to be 36.46-364.60 s (2.53-25.31 s) in the atmosphere, and 1.41 × 10 - 1.41 × 10 s (8.92 ×10 - 8.92 ×10 s) in the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) system. Furthermore, ecotoxic predictions for rats and three aqueous organisms imply their toxicity are reduced during degradation by using ECOSAR and T.E.S.T program based quantitative structure and activity relationship (QSAR) method.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Mevinphos; Monocrotophos; Pesticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Kinetics; Atmosphere; Oxidation-Reduction; Water; Hydroxyl Radical
PubMed: 36493641
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130478 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry May 2019Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensor technology is widely applied in the detection of organophosphate pesticides in agricultural production via the inhibition of AChE...
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensor technology is widely applied in the detection of organophosphate pesticides in agricultural production via the inhibition of AChE activity by organophosphates. However, the AChE electrode has some drawbacks, such as low stability and high overpotential. Combining the advantages of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and ionic liquids, we constructed a novel bienzyme electrode [Cl/iron porphyrin (FePP)-modified MWCNTs/AChE/glassy carbon electrode], which included AChE and mimetic oxidase FePP. In this electrode, FePP is covalently bound to the AChE carrier via ionic liquid for increased electrode sensitivity and stability. Under optimal conditions, this novel biosensor has a monocrotophos detection limit of 3.2 × 10 mol/L and good recovery of 89-104%. After 5 weeks of storage at 4 °C, the oxidation current was 97.8% of its original value. The biosensor has high stability and sensitivity for monocrotophos detection and is a promising device for monitoring food safety. Graphical abstract The complete synthesis process of Cl/FePP-MWCNTs/AChE/GCE.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Biomimetic Materials; Biosensing Techniques; Brassica; Enzymes, Immobilized; Ionic Liquids; Iron Compounds; Lactuca; Limit of Detection; Metalloporphyrins; Monocrotophos; Nanotubes, Carbon; Onions; Pesticides
PubMed: 31011780
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01743-z -
The Medico-legal Journal Sep 2019Organophosphate poisoning is a continued menace associated with high morbidity and mortality in both resource-crunched developing and developed countries. Cases have...
Organophosphate poisoning is a continued menace associated with high morbidity and mortality in both resource-crunched developing and developed countries. Cases have been described of deliberate self-poisoning which has higher mortality than accidental exposure. Fatal poisoning by accidental dermal absorption is rarely reported for monocrotophos. Authors detail fatal accidental monocrotophos poisoning in adult female by dermal exposure while sleeping. Pesticide was detected in post-mortem blood and skin by chromatography and spectroscopy. Extraction along with review of literature for monocrotophos poisoning is adjuncted in this study.
Topics: Cause of Death; Chromatography, Liquid; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Monocrotophos; Skin Absorption; Sleep
PubMed: 31354037
DOI: 10.1177/0025817219853455 -
Industrial Health Jul 2002Monocrotophos a organophosphate pesticide was administered orally at doses of 1.6, 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day to normal virgin Swiss albino mice for 30... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Monocrotophos a organophosphate pesticide was administered orally at doses of 1.6, 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day to normal virgin Swiss albino mice for 30 days. The vaginal smear and body weight of the mice were recorded daily and mice were sacrificed on 31st day. The ovaries from each animal was serially sectioned and stained for follicular studies. Estrous cycle was affected by showing a significant decrease in the number of estrous cycle and duration of proestrus, estrus and metestrus with concomitant significant increase in the duration of diestrus in all the treated groups, except with 1.6 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treated group. There were significant decrease in the small, medium, large and total number of healthy follicles and increase in the medium, large and total number of atretic follicles with 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treatment. However, there were no significant change in the number of healthy and atretic follicles with 1.6 and 3.3 mg/kg/bodyweight/day monocrotophos treatment. There was no change organs weight except for a significant decrease in weight of the ovary with 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day and uterus and body weight with 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treatment. Interruption in estrous cycle, decrease in healthy follicles and increase in atretic follicles may be due to harmonal imbalance or toxic effects of monocrotophos, which adversely effects reproductive function, as it has also analgesic and sedative action.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Estrous Cycle; Female; Insecticides; Mice; Monocrotophos; Organ Size; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Reference Values
PubMed: 12141371
DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.40.237 -
Toxicology Nov 2010Acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning is a common medical emergency with high fatality in agricultural communities of Asia. Organophosphate compounds inhibit... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning is a common medical emergency with high fatality in agricultural communities of Asia. Organophosphate compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase and prolonged neuromuscular weakness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of poisoning. Organophosphate pesticide induced muscle weakness may not only arise from inhibition of acetylcholinesterase but also from non-cholinergic pathomechanisms, particularly mitochondrial dysfunction, affecting the production of sufficient ATP for muscle function. This study examined whether muscle weakness in rats subject to monocrotophos toxicity (0.8LD₅₀) was caused by inhibition of ATP synthesis, by oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, in addition to inhibition of muscle acetylcholinesterase. Severe muscle weakness in rats following monocrotophos administration was associated with inhibition of muscle acetylcholinesterase (30-60%) but not with reduced ATP production. The rats rapidly recovered muscle strength with no treatment. The ability of rats to spontaneously reactivate dimethoxy phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase and efficiently detoxify organophosphates may prevent severe inhibition of muscle acetylcholinesterase following acute severe monocrotophos poisoning. This may protect rodents against the development of prolonged muscle weakness induced by organophosphates.
Topics: Animals; Energy Metabolism; Female; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Muscle Weakness; Muscle, Skeletal; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 20728503
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.009