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Chemical Research in Toxicology Sep 2022Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are independent of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the classic target for acute OP...
Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are independent of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the classic target for acute OP toxicity. In pure proteins, the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos oxon induces a cross-link between lysine and glutamate (or aspartate) with loss of water. Tubulin is particularly sensitive to OP-induced cross-linking. Our goal was to explore OP-induced cross-linking in a complex protein sample, MAP-rich tubulin from and to test 8 OP for their capacity to promote isopeptide cross-linking. We treated 100 μg of MAP-rich tubulin with 100 μM chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, methamidophos, paraoxon, diazinon, diazoxon, monocrotophos, or dichlorvos. Each sample was separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie blue. Five gel slices (at about 30, 50, 150, and 300 kDa, and the top of the separating gel) were removed from the lanes for each of the eight OP samples and from untreated control lanes. These gel slices were subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion. MSMS fragmentation spectra of the tryptic peptides were examined for isopeptide cross-links. Sixteen spectra yielded convincing evidence for isopeptide cross-linked peptides. Ten were from the chlorpyrifos oxon reaction, 1 from dichlorvos, 1 from paraoxon, 1 from diazinon, and 3 from diazoxon. It was concluded that catalysis of protein cross-linking is a general property of organophosphorus pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD034529.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Aspartic Acid; Chlorpyrifos; Diazinon; Dichlorvos; Glutamates; Lysine; Monocrotophos; Organophosphorus Compounds; Paraoxon; Peptides; Pesticides; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Trypsin; Tubulin; Water
PubMed: 36048166
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00194 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Feb 2015Twenty bacterial strains, which are capable of degrading monocrotophos, were isolated from five soil samples collected from agriculture soils in India. The ability of...
Twenty bacterial strains, which are capable of degrading monocrotophos, were isolated from five soil samples collected from agriculture soils in India. The ability of the strains to mineralize monocrotophos was investigated under different culture conditions. A potential strain degrading monocrotophos was selected and named KPA-1. The strain was identified as a Bacillus subtilis on the basis of the results of its cellular morphology, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and phylogenetic conclusion of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene sequences. Organophosphate hydrolase (opdA gene) involved in the initial biodegradation of monocrotophos in KPA-1 was quantitatively expressed, which was a constitutively expressed cytosolic enzyme. RT-qPCR data revealed that KPA-1 harboring opdA gene in an early stage was significantly downregulated from opdA gene in a degradation stage (1.5 fold more) with a p value of 0.0375 (p < 0.05). We have optimized culture conditions for the efficient degradation (94.2 %) of monocrotophos under aerobic conditions. Growth and degradation kinetic studies proved that KPA-1 was able to grow in minimal salt medium containing 1000 ppm monocrotophos as the only carbon source. Hence, KPA-1 culture has a great potential utility for the bioremediation of agriculture soils contaminated with organophosphorus pesticides, particularly monocrotophos.
Topics: Bacillus subtilis; Bacterial Proteins; Biodegradation, Environmental; Culture Media; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, rRNA; Insecticides; Kinetics; Monocrotophos; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 25424286
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1401-5 -
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Aug 1987
Topics: Eukaryota; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Soil; Species Specificity
PubMed: 3663978
DOI: 10.1007/BF01689414 -
Human & Experimental Toxicology Sep 2020Earlier, we demonstrated that chronic exposure to monocrotophos (MCP) elicits insulin resistance in rats along with increased white adipose tissue (WAT) weights. This...
Earlier, we demonstrated that chronic exposure to monocrotophos (MCP) elicits insulin resistance in rats along with increased white adipose tissue (WAT) weights. This study was carried out to delineate the biochemical and molecular changes in adipose tissues of rats subjected to chronic exposure to MCP (0.9 and 1.8 mg/kg bw/d for 180 days). Pesticide-treated rats exhibited increased fasting glucose and hyperinsulinemia as well as dyslipidemia. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and leptin levels were elevated, while adiponectin level was suppressed in plasma of treated rats. MCP treatment caused discernable increase in the weights of perirenal and epididymal WAT. Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lipin-1, and lipolytic activities were elevated in the WAT of MCP-treated rats. Corroborative changes were observed in the expression profile of proteins that are involved in lipogenesis and adipose tissue differentiation. Our results clearly demonstrate that long-term exposure to organophosphorus insecticides (OPIs) such as MCP has far-reaching consequences on metabolic health as evidenced by the association of adipogenic outcomes with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, endocrine dysregulations, and dyslipidemia. Taken together, our results suggest that long-term exposure to OPI may be a risk factor for metabolic dysregulations.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Blood Glucose; Homeostasis; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemia; Insecticides; Insulin Resistance; Lipids; Lipolysis; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Monocrotophos; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Weight Gain
PubMed: 32207356
DOI: 10.1177/0960327120913080 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2016A bacteria strain, YW6, capable of utilizing monocrotophos (MCP) as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources for growth was isolated from paddy soil and identified as...
A bacteria strain, YW6, capable of utilizing monocrotophos (MCP) as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources for growth was isolated from paddy soil and identified as Starkeya novella. Strain YW6 completely degraded 0.2 mM MCP within 36 h without any lag period. Addition of carbon source resulted in slowing down of the initial rate of degradation of MCP, while the presence of a more favorable source of nitrogen enhanced the degradation of MCP. In addition to the degradation of MCP, strain YW6 was also able to degrade a wide range of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) containing P-O-C bond, but not dimethoate, which has P-S-C bond. A MCP degradation pathway was proposed on the basis of metabolite production patterns and identification of the metabolites. MCP is hydrolyzed at the P-O-C bond to form N-methylacetoacetamide and dimethyl phosphate; N-methylacetoacetamide is transformed to N-methyl-4-oxo-pentanamide, which was subsequently converted to 5-(methylamino)-5-oxo-pentanoic acid, and 5-(methylamino)-5-oxo-pentanoic acid is cleaved to glutaric acid and methylamine. These findings provide new insights into the microbial metabolism of MCP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the degradation of MCP by Starkeya bacteria.
Topics: Alphaproteobacteria; Biodegradation, Environmental; Hydrolysis; Monocrotophos; Pesticides; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 26498809
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5606-0 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Dec 2017Acute organophosphorus pesticides poisoning has a serious threat on people's health. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of multiple...
OBJECTIVE
Acute organophosphorus pesticides poisoning has a serious threat on people's health. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severely monocrotophos-poisoned rabbits.
METHODS
Chinchilla rabbits were used to build the monocrotophos-poisoned animal model via subcutaneous abdominal injection. Acetylcholinesterase activity was determined using the dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid enzyme kinetics method, and the free organophosphorus (FOP) toxic substances content was analyzed using the enzyme inhibition method. The contents of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 1-β (IL-β) and thromboxane B (TXB) in the plasma and tissue homogenates were determined via radioimmunoassay.
RESULTS
Twenty-four hours after exposure, in comparison to the plasma, blood cells and homogenates of various tissues, the bile had a significantly different FOP content (P < 0.05). In different phases, HE staining results confirmed that several degrees of pathological lesions (such as hemorrhage, edema, degeneration and necrosis) were detected in FOP poisoned rabbits. The TXB and TNF contents in plasma were significantly higher than those of the control (P < 0.05). Except for the intercostal muscle, all of the tissues had significantly higher TXB contents than the control. The TNF contents of the liver and lung and the IL-1β contents of the liver and kidney were significantly higher than those of the control (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
FOP stored in the gallbladder may play important role in enterohepatic circulation. In MODS rabbits, caused by OP poisoning, the TXB and TNF-α may play important role in inflammatory response and complement and coagulation systems respectively.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Insecticides; Interleukin-1beta; Kidney; Liver; Monocrotophos; Multiple Organ Failure; Rabbits; Radioimmunoassay; Thromboxane B2; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 28864276
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.08.016 -
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Aug 1988
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Male; Mice; Monocrotophos; Mutagens; Spermatozoa; Testis
PubMed: 3207900
DOI: 10.1007/BF01705429 -
Marine Biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) Dec 2023Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation can alter an organism's phenotype without changing its DNA sequence. Exposure to environmental toxicants has the potential...
Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation can alter an organism's phenotype without changing its DNA sequence. Exposure to environmental toxicants has the potential to change the resilience of aquatic species. However, little information is available on the dynamics of DNA methylation in fish gonadal tissues in response to organophosphates. In the present work, reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing was performed to identify DNA methylation patterns in the ovarian tissues of Anabas testudienus exposed to organophosphates, specifically monocrotophos (MCP). Through sequencing, an average of 41,087 methylated cytosine sites were identified and distributed in different parts of genes, i.e., in transcription start sites (TSS), promoters, exons, etc. A total of 1058 and 1329 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were detected as hyper-methylated and hypo-methylated in ovarian tissues, respectively. Utilizing whole-genome data of the climbing perch, the DMRs, and their associated overlapping genes revealed a total of 22 genes within exons, 45 genes at transcription start sites (TSS), and 218 genes in intergenic regions. Through gene ontology analysis, a total of 16 GO terms particularly involved in ovarian follicular development, response to oxidative stress, oocyte maturation, and multicellular organismal response to stress associated with reproductive biology were identified. After functional enrichment analysis, relevant DMGs such as steroid hormone biosynthesis (Cyp19a, 11-beta-HSD, 17-beta-HSD), hormone receptors (ar, esrrga), steroid metabolism (StAR), progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation (igf1ar, pgr), associated with ovarian development in climbing perch showed significant differential methylation patterns. The differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were subjected to analysis using real-time PCR, which demonstrated altered gene expression levels. This study revealed a molecular-level alteration in genes associated with ovarian development in response to chemical exposure. This work provides evidence for understanding the relationship between DNA methylation and gene regulation in response to chemicals that affect the reproductive fitness of aquatic animals.
Topics: Animals; DNA Methylation; Perches; Monocrotophos; Epigenesis, Genetic; Steroids; Hormones
PubMed: 37870741
DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10264-x -
Effects of in vitro exposure of perfluorooctanoic acid and monocrotophos on astroglia SVG p12 cells.Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Sep 2021Glia cells provide supportive functions to the central nervous system and can be compromised by environmental contaminants. The primary objective of this study was to...
Glia cells provide supportive functions to the central nervous system and can be compromised by environmental contaminants. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the effects of in vitro exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid, a persistent environmental contaminant and/or monocrotophos (MCP), a neurotoxic organophosphate that is rapidly metabolized, to astroglia SVG p12 cells. The endpoints evaluated include cell viability, intracellular glutamate levels as a marker of astrocyte homeostasis function, differential gene expression for selected proteins, which include inflammatory markers (tachykinin), astrocytosis (nestin), S100B, and metabolism enzymes (CYP1A1). The results from cell viability revealed significant differences from the controls at some of the concentrations tested. Also, intracellular glutamate levels were elevated at the 10-μM concentration for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as well as the 10-μM PFOA/5-μM MCP concentration. Gene expression results at 80-μM PFOA concentration revealed a significant increase in the expression of S100B, tachykinin and CYP1A1. A combination of 10-μM PFOA/20-μM MCP caused a significant decrease in the expression of tachykinin. Gene expression for MCP exposures produced a decrease at the 20-μM MCP concentration. Immunofluorescence results indicated an increase in nestin protein expression for the 20-μM concentration of MCP, which contradicted the gene expression at the same concentration tested. The results indicate that toxicity to glia cells can compromise critical glia functions and could be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Caprylates; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Fluorocarbons; Gene Expression; Glutamic Acid; Homeostasis; Humans; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Nestin; PC12 Cells; Pregnancy; Rats; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; Tachykinins
PubMed: 33569802
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4129 -
PloS One 2014Our recent study showed that monocrotophos (MCP) pesticide disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in male goldfish (Carassius auratus); however, the...
Monocrotophos pesticide decreases the plasma levels of total 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine and alters the expression of genes associated with the thyroidal axis in female goldfish (Carassius auratus).
Our recent study showed that monocrotophos (MCP) pesticide disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in male goldfish (Carassius auratus); however, the effects of MCP on the thyroid system in female goldfish are remain unclear. In the present study, plasma thyroid hormone (TH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were evaluated in female goldfish exposed to 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 mg/L of 40% MCP-based pesticide for 21 days in a semi-static exposure system. Expression profiles of HPT axis-responsive genes, including transthyretin (ttr), deiodinases (d1, d2, and d3), tshβ, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh), and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (crh), were determined. The results indicated that MCP decreased the plasma levels of total 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (TT3) and the ratio of TT3 to total 3,3',5,5'-l-thyroxine (TT4), and induced alternative expression of TH-related genes. Exposure to 0.01 and 0.10 mg/L MCP pesticide resulted in the up-regulation of ttr mRNA. The reduction of plasma TT3 levels was partly attributed to an increase in the metabolism of T3 in the liver, as revealed by the highly elevated hepatic d1 and d3 mRNA levels in the MCP treatment groups, and the expression of hepatic d3 showed a negative correlation with the plasma TT3/TT4 levels in females. Moreover, the plasma TSH levels were lower in females exposed to 0.01 and 0.10 mg/L MCP pesticide, whereas the up-regulation of tshβ mRNA levels was compensated by the decreased plasma TT3 levels. These results indicated that MCP had the potential to influence several pathways of HPT axis homeostasis in female goldfish.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Female; Goldfish; Iodide Peroxidase; Kidney; Liver; Monocrotophos; Pesticides; Prealbumin; RNA, Messenger; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine
PubMed: 25268935
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108972