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APMIS. Supplementum 2000M. hominis is commonly found as part of the normal flora in the female genital tract, but several studies have shown that it may be involved in a variety of urogenital... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
M. hominis is commonly found as part of the normal flora in the female genital tract, but several studies have shown that it may be involved in a variety of urogenital infections. The basis for clinical manifestations in some patients has varyingly been attributed to host and M. hominis factors. The host factors involved in the infection process are largely unknown. M. hominis have no cell wall and outer membranes, and at present it seems plausible that M. hominis possesses genetic systems allowing the bacteria in vivo to alter its antigenic structure on the membrane surface and consequently circumvent the host immune system. The studies of M. hominis have shown that the antigenic variation is pronounced between surface exposed membrane proteins from different isolates. The genetic background for this variation has been investigated for three surface exposed membrane proteins: P120, Lmp, and Vaa. P120 and P120' are similar proteins in M. hominis without any homology to other known proteins. A hypervariable region in the otherwise conserved P120 protein seems to be very antigenic in patients with immunologically verified M. hominis infection. The remaining part of P120 as well as the entire P120' protein do not seem to elicit significant antibody formation. Two genes in M. hominis, lmp1 and lmp3, contain numerous highly similar 0.5 kb tandem repeats at their 3'-end. The proteins, Lmp1 and Lmp3, are synthesized from the lmp1 and lmp3 genes, respectively. Lmp1 shows size variation among M. hominis isolates. M. hominis isolates investigated in detail show that the size variation of Lmp1 corresponds to the variation in number of 0.5 kb repeats contained within the lmp1 gene. Lmp3 appears to have a lesser tendency to size variation. M. hominis isolates were found with deletions involving the lmp1 stop codon leading to translation of the downstream gene lmp2 and expression of a chimeric Lmp1-Lmp2 protein. The number of repeated elements in the lmp1 gene of a M. hominis isolate correlates with the extent of anti-Lmp antibody induced agglutination between the bacteria. Vaa is a protein involved in cell adherence. vaa is a single copy gene containing tandem repeated elements like the lmp gene family. The number of repeats in the Vaa protein differs between M. hominis isolates leading to size variation. It has been suggested that the number of repeated elements is of importance in the bacteria-host adhesion process. Beside the size variation Vaa demonstrates phase variation due to frequent frame shift mutation in a specific region near the 5'-end of the structural gene. Based on the investigations of M. hominis and other mycoplasmas several genetic mechanisms seem to be responsible for the antigenic variation of surface exposed membrane proteins in mycoplasmas: 1) variation in protein size due to insertions or deletion of repeated elements in the structural gene, 2) presence of multi-gene families, and 3) phase variation due to mutations in the promotor region or the coding region. The influence of specific antibodies on antigenic variation of membrane proteins has not been studied in greater detail in mycoplasmas. In M. hominis it was investigated whether the presence in the culture medium of monoclonal antibodies directed against the repeated elements in the M. hominis Lmp proteins would affect gene structure and consequently protein expression. The presence of anti-Lmp antibodies resulted in overgrowth of bacteria with specific deletions in the repeated elements of lmp1 leaving the lmp3 gene unchanged. The precise mechanism leading to the dominance of M. hominis isolates with fewer 0. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Sequence Alignment
PubMed: 10721331
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Jun 2021Mycoplasmas are the smallest prokaryotic microorganisms in nature. Many cases of stroke post-Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection have been reported, particularly in the...
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasmas are the smallest prokaryotic microorganisms in nature. Many cases of stroke post-Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection have been reported, particularly in the pediatric population. However, Mycoplasma hominis infection has not previously been associated with stroke.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report the case of a 36-year-old Greek woman who presented with an extensive stroke with an unspecified cause. She had a concurrent genital infection with Mycoplasma hominis for an unknown duration.
CONCLUSION
An association may exist between stroke and the immune response to Mycoplasma hominis infection.
Topics: Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Stroke; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 34130740
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02903-5 -
Chest Nov 1997Mycoplasma hominis is a commensal of humans. The organism has been predominantly associated with infections of the genitourinary tract. Extragenital infections have been... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma hominis is a commensal of humans. The organism has been predominantly associated with infections of the genitourinary tract. Extragenital infections have been described in neonates, in women during the postpartum period, and in immunocompromised patients. Pneumonia caused by M. hominis is very rare. This report describes the development of M. hominis pneumonia in a lung transplantation recipient and underscores the difficulty in establishing the correct diagnosis and the need for early and aggressive treatment with appropriate antimicrobial agents to insure a good outcome.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Lung; Lung Transplantation; Male; Mycoplasma hominis; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 9367488
DOI: 10.1378/chest.112.5.1428 -
Pathogens and Disease Oct 2020Mycoplasma hominis, an opportunistic pathogen in human genitourinary tract, can cause chronic infection in the prostate. Intracellular survival of M. hominis leads to a...
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma hominis, an opportunistic pathogen in human genitourinary tract, can cause chronic infection in the prostate. Intracellular survival of M. hominis leads to a prolonged presence in the host cells that can affect the cell's biological cycle. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of M. hominis DNA in prostate tissue of Iranian patients with prostate cancer (PCa) in comparison to a control group with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
METHODS
This research was a retrospective case-control study using 61 archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks of prostate tissue from patients with PCa and 70 FFPE blocks of patients with BPH. Real-time PCR, targeting two different genes, 16S rRNA and yidC, in the M. hominis genome was performed for all specimens.
RESULTS
Out of 61 blocks of prostate biopsy from patients with PCa, eight samples (13%) were positive for M. hominis, while the bacterium was not detected in any of the 70 blocks of patients with BPH (P value, 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
The high frequency of M. hominis in patients with PCa likely shows a hidden role of the organism in prostate cancer during its chronic, apparently silent and asymptomatic colonization in prostate.
Topics: Asymptomatic Diseases; Biopsy; Case-Control Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Opportunistic Infections; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32940669
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa037 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Oct 2017Mycoplasma hominis is a commensal genitourinary tract organism that can cause infections outside the genitourinary tract. We investigated a cluster of M. hominis...
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma hominis is a commensal genitourinary tract organism that can cause infections outside the genitourinary tract. We investigated a cluster of M. hominis surgical site infections in patients who underwent spine surgery, all associated with amniotic tissue linked to a common donor.
METHODS
Laboratory tests of tissue product from the donor, including culture, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and whole-genome sequencing were performed. Use of this amniotic tissue product was reviewed. A multistate investigation to identify additional cases and locate any unused products was conducted.
RESULTS
Twenty-seven tissue product vials from a donor were distributed to facilities in 7 states; at least 20 vials from this donor were used in 14 patients. Of these, 4 of 14 (29%) developed surgical site infections, including 2 M. hominis infections. Mycoplasma hominis was detected by culture and qPCR in 2 unused vials from the donor. Sequencing indicated >99% similarity between patient and unopened vial isolates. For 5 of 27 (19%) vials, the final disposition could not be confirmed.
CONCLUSIONS
Mycoplasma hominis was transmitted through amniotic tissue from a single donor to 2 recipients. Current routine donor screening and product testing does not detect all potential pathogens. Clinicians should be aware that M. hominis can cause surgical site infections, and may not be detected by routine clinical cultures. The lack of a standardized system to track tissue products in healthcare facilities limits the ability of public health agencies to respond to outbreaks and investigate other adverse events associated with these products.
Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Spine; Surgical Wound Infection; Tissue Donors
PubMed: 28575162
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix507 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Sep 2018Mycoplasma hominis, a genetically heterogeneous, cell-wall-less bacterium, is able to live in symbiosis with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Whilst the...
OBJECTIVES
Mycoplasma hominis, a genetically heterogeneous, cell-wall-less bacterium, is able to live in symbiosis with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Whilst the impact of this symbiosis on T. vaginalis has been investigated to a certain extent, less light has been shed on the influence on M. hominis.
METHODS
An in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of three clinical M. hominis isolates (V475, AKH136 and MhSS10) to clindamycin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin was performed in dependence on symbiosis with T. vaginalis strain IR78.
RESULTS
Passaging of M. hominis through T. vaginalis led to an increase in MICs to all drugs investigated in M. hominis V475 and M. hominis MhSS10 (apart from gentamicin). Shifts from intermediate to resistant (MhSS10 for ciprofloxacin) and from susceptible to intermediate-resistant (V475 for gentamicin; P=0.015) were observed. Moreover, initial susceptibility of V475 to moxifloxacin (MIC=1.35μg/mL) was statistically significantly reduced (MIC=2.5μg/mL) following T. vaginalis passage concomitantly with mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA (S153L) and parC (E195G and K144R). In contrast, the susceptibility of M. hominis isolate AKH136 to all drugs investigated increased after passaging.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that symbiosis with T. vaginalis has an enhancing effect on selected antimicrobial resistances of distinct M. hominis isolates.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Quinolones; Symbiosis; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Trichomonas vaginalis; Vagina
PubMed: 29660412
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.04.003 -
International Journal of Infectious... May 2019Judging by the small number of published cases, periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) caused by Mycoplasma species are regarded as unusual. This is not surprising as... (Review)
Review
Periprosthetic joint infection associated with Mycoplasma hominis after transurethral instrumentation in an immunocompetent patient. Unusual or underestimated? A case report and review of the literature.
Judging by the small number of published cases, periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) caused by Mycoplasma species are regarded as unusual. This is not surprising as special growth conditions are necessary for diagnosis and therefore the laboratory must be informed of any clinical suspicion. However, surgeons are generally not aware of the risk factors associated with certain microorganisms causing an infection. Our laboratory therefore decided to adopt a new strategy: first, to address specific questions concerning the medical history of the patient and second, to make diagnosis of rare and fastidious microorganisms part of routine investigation, even if detailed information is not available.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Doxycycline; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Joint Prosthesis; Joints; Levofloxacin; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Osteoarthritis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prosthesis-Related Infections
PubMed: 30880125
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.03.012 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Apr 2021Pulmonary infection by Mycoplasma hominis (M hominis) in lung transplant (LTx) recipients is an uncommon yet potentially severe complication. Bronchial dehiscence in the... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary infection by Mycoplasma hominis (M hominis) in lung transplant (LTx) recipients is an uncommon yet potentially severe complication. Bronchial dehiscence in the context of M hominis infection has not been previously reported. In this report, we discuss a case of donor-derived M hominis infection in a LTx recipient with bilateral bronchial anastomoses dehiscence and stenosis. The infection was managed using a multidisciplinary approach: repeat surgical revision of the necrotic anastomosis; targeted antibiotic therapy with the combination of oral and inhaled fluoroquinolones, and oral doxycycline and continuous ventilatory support. Response to therapy was monitored through repeat bronchoscopy and serial quantitative PCR assays for M hominis in bronchoalveolar lavage and aspiration. The rare nature of M hominis infection after LTx, its difficult detection in conventional cultures and innate resistance to beta-lactams make diagnosis and timely treatment of this organism challenging. We recommend that transplant centers have a low threshold for screening for Mycoplasma infection, particularly in patients with unsatisfactory postoperative course and little response to broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antifungal coverage. Monitoring with PCR may help to adapt the duration of antibiotic therapy.
Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Constriction, Pathologic; Humans; Lung; Lung Transplantation; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Transplant Recipients
PubMed: 32978884
DOI: 10.1111/tid.13475 -
Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine Aug 2009There is strong evidence from clinical and experimental animal studies that ureaplasmas can invade the amnionic sac and induce an inflammatory response resulting in... (Review)
Review
There is strong evidence from clinical and experimental animal studies that ureaplasmas can invade the amnionic sac and induce an inflammatory response resulting in chorioamnionitis, preterm labor and neonatal lung injury. The ability of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis to cause pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis in newborns can no longer be questioned. The association of Ureaplasma spp. with bronchopulmonary dysplasia has been supported by the majority of observational studies, but proof of causality is still lacking. The availability of molecular diagnostic technologies has enabled the designation of the two Ureaplasma biovars as individual species, but additional work must be done to establish whether there is differential pathogenicity between the Ureaplasma spp. or among their respective serovars. Future investigations to prevent prematurity should be directed toward identification and localization of specific micro-organisms combined with targeted antibiotic trials to determine whether such interventions can improve long-term infant outcomes.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Opportunistic Infections; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections
PubMed: 19109084
DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2008.11.009 -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Jan 2023Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis are among the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections proposed to induce urogenital inflammation and impair sperm...
Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis are among the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections proposed to induce urogenital inflammation and impair sperm quality. However, the topic remains controversial since contradictory findings have been reported. Herein, we performed a comprehensive analysis of U. urealyticum and M. hominis urogenital infections and their association with urogenital inflammation (i.e., leukocyte subsets and inflammatory cytokines in semen,) and sperm quality parameters in a cohort of men with couple's primary infertility undergoing initial infertility evaluation or with lower urinary tract symptoms and no infertility-related complaints. Overall, U. urealyticum and M. hominis infection was detected in 17.0% and 23.6% of patients, respectively, whereas the coinfection was detected in 3.8% of patients only. Remarkably, similar infection frequencies were found in the different patient subpopulations analyzed. Moreover, infections were associated with elevated semen levels of TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6 and/or increased counts of total leukocytes and their subsets, including CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and neutrophils. In addition, M. hominis infection and the coinfection with U. urealyticum were associated with impairments in sperm quality variables. Our results indicate that U. urealyticum and M. hominis male urogenital infections induce urogenital inflammation and decrease sperm quality, thus impairing male fertility potential. Screening for U. urealyticum and M. hominis infections and performing a comprehensive analysis of different leukocyte subsets and inflammatory cytokines in semen may be clinically helpful in the diagnosis and follow-up of male urogenital infection.
Topics: Humans; Male; Semen; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Mycoplasma hominis; Coinfection; Spermatozoa; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 36822158
DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac006