-
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Jun 2013Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum may colonize the human genital tract and have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Chorioamnionitis,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum may colonize the human genital tract and have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Chorioamnionitis, spontaneous preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of membranes are significant contributors to neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, as these bacteria can reside in the normal vaginal flora, there are controversies regarding their true role during pregnancy and thus the need to treat these organisms.
RECENT FINDINGS
We review here the recent data on the epidemiology of mycoplasmas and their clinical role during pregnancy. The association of these organisms with preterm labour has been suggested by many observational studies, but proof of causality remains limited. PCR is an excellent alternative to culture to detect the presence of these organisms, but culture allows antibiotic susceptibility testing. Whether antimicrobial treatment of mycoplasma-colonized pregnant patients can effectively reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes warrants further investigations.
SUMMARY
The role of Mycoplasma spp. and U. urealyticum in adverse pregnancy outcomes is increasingly accepted. However, sole presence of these microorganisms in the vaginal flora might be insufficient to cause pathological issues, but their combination with other factors such as bacterial vaginosis or cervical incompetence may be additionally needed to induce preterm birth.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Reproductive Tract Infections; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum
PubMed: 23587772
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328360db58 -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Jun 2021Within Mycoplasma genus, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis or U. urealyticum are the main species that have been traditionally linked to infectious processes.... (Review)
Review
Within Mycoplasma genus, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis or U. urealyticum are the main species that have been traditionally linked to infectious processes. However, there are many other species involved in these conditions and that are, frequently, unfamiliar to healthcare professionals. The aim of this review is to identify all Mycoplasma genus species that have been isolated in human beings and to determine their involvement in infectious pathology.
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum
PubMed: 33735544
DOI: 10.37201/req/014.2021 -
BMJ Open Aug 2022and (genital mycoplasmas) commonly colonise the urogenital tract in pregnant women. This systematic review aims to investigate their role in adverse pregnancy and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
and (genital mycoplasmas) commonly colonise the urogenital tract in pregnant women. This systematic review aims to investigate their role in adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, alone or in combination with bacterial vaginosis (BV).
METHODS
We searched Embase, Medline and CINAHL databases from January 1971 to February 2021. Eligible studies tested for any of the three genital mycoplasmas during pregnancy and reported on the primary outcome, preterm birth (PTB) and/or secondary outcomes low birth weight (LBW), premature rupture of membranes (PROM), spontaneous abortion (SA) and/or perinatal or neonatal death (PND).Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, read potentially eligible full texts and extracted data. Two reviewers independently assessed risks of bias using published checklists. Random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate summary ORs (with 95% CIs and prediction intervals). Multivariable and stratified analyses were synthesised descriptively.
RESULTS
Of 57/1194 included studies, 39 were from high-income countries. In meta-analysis of unadjusted ORs, was associated with PTB (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.34), PROM, LBW and PND but not SA. was associated with PTB (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.55), PROM, LBW, SA and PND. was associated with PTB (1.60, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.30), PROM and SA. Nine of 57 studies reported any multivariable analysis. In two studies, analyses stratified by BV status showed that and were more strongly associated with PTB in the presence than in the absence of BV. The most frequent source of bias was a failure to control for confounding.
CONCLUSIONS
The currently available literature does not allow conclusions about the role of mycoplasmas in adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, alone or with coexisting BV. Future studies that consider genital mycoplasmas in the context of the vaginal microbiome are needed.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42016050962.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Premature Birth; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 36028274
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062990 -
Iranian Journal of Microbiology Oct 2021Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can remain undetected and untreated; therefore, rapid diagnosis and treatment of STIs are important. (MG), (MH), and are...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can remain undetected and untreated; therefore, rapid diagnosis and treatment of STIs are important. (MG), (MH), and are sexually transmitted pathogens that cause asymptomatic, organ-specific, and chronic infections, thereby posing a threat to community health. Therefore, we investigated the epidemiological trends of MG and MH infections in South Korea for rapid diagnosis and treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From September 2018 to December 2020, samples (catheter, pus, tissue, swab, and urine) were collected from outpatients of hospitals in South Korea for molecular biological venereal disease testing. DNA was extracted and analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS
Of the 59,381 samples analyzed, 8.78% (n=5,215) were positive for MG and MH. The MH positivity rate (5.51%, n=3,273) was higher than the MG positivity rate (3.27%, n=1,942). MG and MH positivity rates were the highest in patients aged <19 years. Men had higher MG positivity rate, whereas women had higher MH positivity rates. Furthermore, the MG-positivity rate was the highest in the swab samples of both men and women, whereas that of MH was the highest in the urine samples of men and swab samples of women.
CONCLUSION
We identified the differences between MG and MH positivity rates based on sex, specimen, and age. Our findings can provide information for strategies that protect public health and reduce STI incidence and transmission.
PubMed: 34900157
DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v13i5.7423 -
Biomedical Reports Oct 2023The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of (), () and () in a Romanian population considering the presence or absence of genital symptoms....
The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of (), () and () in a Romanian population considering the presence or absence of genital symptoms. Urethral and vaginal samples were collected from patients presenting at 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital (Bucharest, Romania) from January 2021 to December 2021. A total of 266 samples were obtained from two groups of patients: Symptomatic subjects with urethritis, prostatitis, vaginitis or both urethritis and prostatitis (n=59; 22%), and asymptomatic subjects (n=207; 78%). and kits were used to assess the presence of and , and , respectively. The symptomatic subjects comprised 27 patients with urethritis symptoms, of whom 4 (15%) were infected with and 1 (4%) was infected with . In addition, 23 (9%) of the patients had prostatitis-like symptoms, which in 3 (13%) of the patients was associated with and in 1 patient (4%) was associated with . None of the symptomatic patients were infected with . By contrast, 29 (14%) of the asymptomatic patients were discovered to be infected with , 13 (6%) were coinfected with both Mollicutes and 4 (2%) were infected with ; only 1 patient was positive for alone. Two patients (14%) who presented with and coinfection were also infected with . No patient with or alone was also positive for . Therefore, the most frequently identified pathogen populating the genital tract in both males and females was , followed by coinfection with and , and . As these infections are asymptomatic in numerous cases, this suggests that a thorough screening should be mandatory.
PubMed: 37746588
DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1656 -
Andrology Sep 2015The relationship between mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility has been studied widely; however, results remain controversial. This meta-analysis... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The relationship between mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility has been studied widely; however, results remain controversial. This meta-analysis investigated the association between genital ureaplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum) and mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium), and risk of male infertility. Differences in prevalence of ureaplasma and mycoplasma infection between China and the rest of the world were also compared. Study data were collected from PubMed, Embase and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Summary odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to assess the relationship. Heterogeneity testing and publication bias testing were also performed. A total of 14 studies were used: five case-control studies with 611 infertile cases and 506 controls featuring U. urealyticum infection, and nine case-control studies with 2410 cases and 1223 controls concerning M. hominis infection. Two other infection (U. parvum and M. genitalium) were featured in five and three studies, respectively. The meta-analysis results indicated that U. parvum and M. genitalium are not associated with male infertility. However, a significant relationship existed between U. urealyticum and M. hominis and male infertility. Comparing the global average with China, a significantly higher positive rate of U. urealyticum, but a significantly lower positive rate of M. hominis, was observed in both the infertile and control groups in China.
Topics: China; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum
PubMed: 26311339
DOI: 10.1111/andr.12078 -
Microorganisms Oct 2022can be isolated from the human urogenital tract. However, its interaction with the host remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of...
can be isolated from the human urogenital tract. However, its interaction with the host remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of infection on primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). Cells were quantified at different phases of the cell cycle. Proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis progression were evaluated. The expression of genes encoding proteins that are associated with the DNA damage response and Toll-like receptor pathways was evaluated, and the cytokines involved in inflammatory responses were quantified. A greater number of keratinocytes were observed in the Sub-G0/G1 phase after infection with . In the viable keratinocytes, infection resulted in G2/M-phase arrest; GADD45A expression was increased, as was the expression of proteins such as p53, p27, and p21 and others involved in apoptosis regulation and oxidative stress. In infected PHKs, the expression of genes associated with the Toll-like receptor pathways showed a change, and the production of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-18, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha increased. The infection of PHKs by causes cellular damage that can affect the cell cycle by activating the response pathways to cellular damage, oxidative stress, and Toll-like receptors. Overall, this response culminated in the reduction of cell proliferation/viability in vitro.
PubMed: 36296238
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101962 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Aug 2022Facial paralysis secondary to acute otitis media (AOM) is rare in the post-antibiotic era. In immunosuppressed patients, atypical bacteria are more commonly encountered...
Facial paralysis secondary to acute otitis media (AOM) is rare in the post-antibiotic era. In immunosuppressed patients, atypical bacteria are more commonly encountered as the cause. , normally found in the genitourinary tract, uncommonly causes extragenital infection. We report a case of AOM secondary to , complicated by facial paralysis in an immunosuppressed patient. A 24-year-old male with multiple sclerosis, on rituximab, presented to the emergency department with otalgia and facial paralysis. He was diagnosed with Bell's palsy and subsequently referred to the otolaryngology service. Examination revealed right facial paralysis and purulent otorrhea. Computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone showed right tympanic and mastoid opacification. The patient was admitted and started on IV ampicillin/sulbactam, IV dexamethasone, and ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic drops. Debridement and examination under anesthesia revealed a right tympanic membrane perforation and granulation tissue. Biopsy and cultures were obtained. Final cultures were positive for . Facial paralysis is an uncommon complication of AOM but typically resolves once appropriate antibiotic therapy is regimented. Because can be missed on routine culture, clinicians should consider workup for atypical organisms in settings of immunosuppression so appropriate antibiotic therapy can be initiated.
PubMed: 36041826
DOI: 10.1177/01455613221113814 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023is a pathogenic protozoan diffused worldwide capable of infecting the urogenital tract in humans, causing trichomoniasis. One of its most intriguing aspects is the... (Review)
Review
is a pathogenic protozoan diffused worldwide capable of infecting the urogenital tract in humans, causing trichomoniasis. One of its most intriguing aspects is the ability to establish a close relationship with endosymbiotic microorganisms: the unique association of with the bacterium represents, to date, the only example of an endosymbiosis involving two true human pathogens. Since its discovery, several aspects of the symbiosis between and have been characterized, demonstrating that the presence of the intracellular guest strongly influences the pathogenic characteristics of the protozoon, making it more aggressive towards host cells and capable of stimulating a stronger proinflammatory response. The recent description of a further symbiont of the protozoon, the newly discovered non-cultivable mycoplasma Mycoplasma girerdii, makes the picture even more complex. This review provides an overview of the main aspects of this complex microbial consortium, with particular emphasis on its effect on protozoan pathobiology and on the interplays among the symbionts.
PubMed: 37764891
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091083 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jul 2022is a habitual colonizing microorganism of the lower genital tract but can exceptionally be the causal agent of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis (IE). Only... (Review)
Review
is a habitual colonizing microorganism of the lower genital tract but can exceptionally be the causal agent of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis (IE). Only 11 cases of this entity have been published to date. The study objectives were to describe the first case diagnosed in our center of IE by on pacemaker lead and to carry out a narrative review. Among published cases of IE by this microorganism, 72.7% were male, with a mean age of 45 years and a history of valve surgery; the diagnosis was by culture (54.5%) or molecular technique (45.5%), and the prognosis was favorable in 72.7% of cases. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were doxycycline, quinolones, and clindamycin.
PubMed: 35807126
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133841