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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2016This article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, and liver of calves from birth to 100 days of age. Reticular motility is... (Review)
Review
This article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, and liver of calves from birth to 100 days of age. Reticular motility is used to exemplify how the forestomach function in calves progresses and gradually approaches that of adult cattle. The ultrasonographic examination of the esophageal groove reflex and the investigation of factors affecting esophageal groove closure are described. The ultrasonographic findings of the forestomachs and abomasum of calves with ruminal drinker syndrome are discussed. The article concludes with the description of the ultrasonographic examination of the liver.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Liver; Omasum; Reticulum; Stomach, Ruminant; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 26922113
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.011 -
Analytical Chemistry Aug 2023Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant digestive cancers, and its diagnostic has still faced challenges based on metabolic analysis due to complex sample...
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant digestive cancers, and its diagnostic has still faced challenges based on metabolic analysis due to complex sample pretreatment and low metabolite abundance. In this study, inspired by the structure of bovine omasum, we synthesized a novel interfacial carbon-based nanocomposite of graphene supported nickel nanoparticles-encapsulated in the nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (Ni/N-CNT/rGO), which was served as a novel matrix with enhanced ionization efficiency for the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) saliva metabolic analysis of gastric cancer. Benefiting from its high sp graphitic degree, large surface area, strong UV absorption, and rich active sites, Ni/N-CNT/rGO matrix exhibited excellent performances of reproducibility, coverage, salt-tolerance, sensitivity, and adsorption ability in MALDI-TOF MS. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal conversion behaviors explained the highly efficient LDI mechanism. Based on saliva metabolic fingerprints, Ni/N-CNT/rGO assisted LDI MS with cross-validation analysis could successfully distinguish gastric cancer patients from healthy controls through the screening of four potential biomarkers with an accuracy of 92.50%, specificity of 88.03%, and sensitivity of 97.12%. This work provided a fast and sensitive MS sensing platform for the metabolomics characterization of gastric cancer and might have potential value for precision medicine in the future.
PubMed: 37458487
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01358 -
Research in Veterinary Science Jun 2018Transport of bicarbonate across the isolated epithelium of sheep omasum was studied in vitro in Ussing chambers in combination with the pH-Stat method. The transport of...
Transport of bicarbonate across the isolated epithelium of sheep omasum was studied in vitro in Ussing chambers in combination with the pH-Stat method. The transport of HCO occurred in both directions, but J HCO was significant larger than J. Reducing the activity of the apical Na/H exchanger by a low mucosal Na concentration caused a significant reduction of J HCO. Mucosal amiloride or short chain fatty acids (25 mmol l SCFA) numerically decreased J HCO, but their combination (amiloride + SCFA) caused a significant reduction, which was also observed after addition of the carboanhydrase inhibitor ethoxyzolamide. Concentrations of 5 or 15 mmol·l mucosal ammonia did not change transport rates. The obtained results indicate the importance of an undisturbed cytosolic pH for transcellular HCO transport, which is probably mediated by an anion exchanger in both the apical and basolateral membranes. Possible impairment of HCO transport appears to be an overlooked factor in the pathogenesis of displacement of the abomasum.
Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Epithelium; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Omasum; Sheep; Sodium
PubMed: 29601970
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.008 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Aug 1971
Review
Topics: Acetazolamide; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Cattle; Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chlorides; Depression, Chemical; Diffusion; Epithelium; Ion Exchange; Membrane Potentials; Omasum; Osmolar Concentration; Ouabain; Rumen; Sheep; Sodium; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 4399219
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1971.0095 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... 1988Rumen: 1. It is generally accepted that sodium and chloride is transported across the rumen epithelium of ruminants in the mucosal-serosal direction by an active... (Review)
Review
Rumen: 1. It is generally accepted that sodium and chloride is transported across the rumen epithelium of ruminants in the mucosal-serosal direction by an active transport mechanism. In all in vitro studies the short circuit current, Isc, was significantly lower than the net transport of sodium, JNanet. It was concluded that most of the sodium is transported by an electrically silent mechanism. A Na, Cl cotransport and/or a double exchange system Na/H and Cl/HCO3 was proposed. 2. Recent in vitro studies in our laboratory revealed that the Na/H exchange inhibitor amiloride (1 mmol/l) reduced JNanet by 70%. The Na/K/2Cl-cotransport inhibitor bumetanide or furosemide (1 mmol/l) had no effect. 3. Replacement of permeable anions led to an inhibition of JNanet by 87%. However, under these experimental conditions Isc and JNanet were not significantly different. The remaining small electrogen transport of sodium was not influenced by mucosal amiloride. 4. It is concluded that two transport systems are operating in the ruminal epithelium: a Na/H exchange system which accounts for 80-90% of JNanet and an electrogen Na transport which is not sensitive against amiloride. Omasum: 1. The data concerning the transport of sodium and chloride in the omasum are very limited. In vivo measurements of flow rates demonstrated that sodium is absorbed by the omasum (40-60% of inflow in bull calves, 10-20% in sheep) and chloride is secreted. 2. In vitro studies with isolated preparation of sheep omasum epithelium demonstrated a net transport of Na and Cl in the mucosal-serosal direction. JNanet is completely abolished by ouabain (0.1 mmol/1) and JClnet by replacement of Na.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Cattle; Chlorides; Epithelium; Goats; Intestinal Mucosa; Omasum; Rumen; Sheep; Sodium
PubMed: 2902963
DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)90669-x -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Mar 2013This review article summarizes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum and intestines of goats. Ultrasonographic examination is done on... (Review)
Review
This review article summarizes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum and intestines of goats. Ultrasonographic examination is done on both sides with the goat in a standing position using a linear array or convex transducer with a frequency of 5.0 to 7.5 MHz. The shape, contour and motility of the reticulum are assessed; this organ appears as a crescent-shaped structure with a smooth contour immediately adjacent to the diaphragm. There are 0.8 to 2.1 reticular contractions per minute, which may be mono-, bi- and triphasic. The rumen is examined from the 8th to 12th intercostal spaces (ICSs) and flank on the left, and from the 12th ICS and flank on the right. The ruminal wall appears as a thick echoic line. The dorsal and ventral sacs of the rumen are differentiated based on the longitudinal groove, which forms an echoic notch. Differentiation of the dorsal gas cap, fibre mat and fluid layer is not always straightforward and varies among goats. The omasum is examined from the 6th to 11th ICSs on the right. Only the wall closest to the transducer can be imaged and it appears as a crescent-shaped echoic line medial to the liver. The omasal folds and the wall furthest from the transducer cannot be seen. In about two thirds of goats, active omasal motility is apparent as a transient reduction in size of several centimetres, followed by relaxation and return to its original size. There is an average of 1.1 contractions per minute. The abomasum is examined from the ventral midline and the left and right paramedian regions and can always be seen from the ventral midline. In all but a few goats the abomasum is also visible from the left and right paramedian areas. It appears as a heterogeneous, moderately echoic structure with echogenic stippling. The abomasal folds appear as prominent echoic bands in about two thirds of all goats. The small and large intestines are examined on the right from the 8th to the 12th ICSs. Loops of jejunum and ileum are seen mainly in cross-section and have a strong motility. The intestinal content is usually homogeneous and echoic and the diameter of the intestinal loops varies from 0.8 and 2.7 cm. The spiral colon and in many cases also the caecum can be imaged. The former is recognized by its garland-like appearance brought about by the centripetal and centrifugal coils of the intestine. In the spiral colon and the caecum, only the wall closest to the transducer can be imaged because of intraluminal gas. The wall appears as a thick echoic and slightly undulating line 5.6 to 8.0 cm in length. Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that is very well suited for the examination of the gastrointestinal tract of goats.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Gastrointestinal Motility; Goat Diseases; Goats; Intestinal Diseases; Intestines; Omasum; Reticulum; Rumen; Stomach Diseases; Stomach, Ruminant; Transducers; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 23454503
DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000441 -
The Veterinary Record Jun 2007The omasums of 30 healthy cows and 55 cows with various gastrointestinal disorders (10 with left displacement and eight with right displacement of the abomasum, 10 with...
The omasums of 30 healthy cows and 55 cows with various gastrointestinal disorders (10 with left displacement and eight with right displacement of the abomasum, 10 with abomasal volvulus, 10 with traumatic reticuloperitonitis, nine with ileus of the small intestines and eight with reticulo-omasal stenosis) were examined ultrasonographically on the right side of the body with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The dorsal and ventral margins of the omasum and its size in the fifth to 11th intercostal spaces were determined. Generally, the ultrasonographic appearance of the omasum did not differ between the healthy and abnormal cows. The omasum appeared as a semicircle, and the omasal wall closest to the transducer was visible as a thick echogenic line. In a few of the abnormal cows, the omasal laminae were visible and the omasum appeared to have motility. In the cows with left and right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus, the dorsal margin of the omasum was significantly further from the dorsal midline in some intercostal spaces than in the healthy cows. In the cows with left displacement of the abomasum, the ventral margin of the omasum was significantly further from the dorsal midline in the 7th intercostal space than in the healthy cows. In the cows with reticulo-omasal stenosis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis and ileus of the small intestine, the ventral margin of the omasum was significantly closer to the dorsal midline in some intercostal spaces than in the healthy cows. The mean (sd) size of the omasum in the healthy cows varied from 16.3 (1.5) cm to 56.9 (10.0) cm, depending on the intercostal space, and the omasum was significantly smaller in some intercostal spaces in the cows with reticulo-omasal stenosis, right displacement of the omasum, abomasal volvulus and ileus of the small intestine.
Topics: Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Constriction, Pathologic; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Ileus; Intestinal Volvulus; Omasum; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 17586790
DOI: 10.1136/vr.160.25.865 -
BMC Veterinary Research Feb 2011Primary diseases of the omasum are uncommon in goats, although the omasum may be involved in various gastrointestinal disorders. Examination of the caprine omasum via...
BACKGROUND
Primary diseases of the omasum are uncommon in goats, although the omasum may be involved in various gastrointestinal disorders. Examination of the caprine omasum via ultrasonography requires a good understanding of the normal appearance of the organ. However, in contrast to cattle, there is a lack of reference information on this topic in goats. Thus, the goal of the present study was to describe the results of ultrasonography of the omasum in 30 healthy Saanen goats.
RESULTS
Ultrasonography was carried out in standing, non-sedated goats using a 5.0 MHz linear transducer. The location and size of the omasum, thickness of the omasal wall and visualisation of the abomasal laminae, contents and contractions were assessed. The omasum was visible from the 9th intercostal space (ICS) in all the goats, and from the 8th and 10th ICSs in 29 and 24 goats, respectively. The omasum was seen medial to the liver, but only the omasal wall closest to the transducer was visible. The dorsal omasal limit formed a dorsally convex curve running from cranioventral to caudodorsal and was furthest from the dorsal midline in the 6th ICS. The ventral omasal limit formed a ventrally convex curve. The size of the omasum was largest (10.2 ± 3.1 cm) in the 9th ICS and decreased cranially and caudally from this position. Active omasal motility was recorded in 20 goats with 0.3 to 2.0 contractions per minute.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study provide reference ranges for the interpretation of the location and size of the omasum in goats with suspected omasal abnormalities. Ultrasonography is an ideal diagnostic tool for evaluation of the omasum, which is not accessible to conventional examination techniques, such as inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation.
Topics: Animals; Female; Goats; Omasum; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 21338508
DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-11 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Sep 1972
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Deer; Fermentation; Glucose; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Methane; Omasum; Sheep
PubMed: 4404572
DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(72)90477-x -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023The development of the four stomachs of yak is closely related to its health and performance, however the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we...
The development of the four stomachs of yak is closely related to its health and performance, however the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we systematically analyzed mRNAs of four stomachs in five growth time points [0 day, 20 days, 60 days, 15 months and 3 years (adult)] of yaks. Overall, the expression patterns of DEmRNAs were unique at 0 d, similar at 20 d and 60 d, and similar at 15 m and adult in four stomachs. The expression pattern in abomasum was markedly different from that in rumen, reticulum and omasum. Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) analysis demonstrated that multi-model spectra are drastically enriched over time in four stomachs. All the identified mRNAs in rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum were classified into 6, 4, 7, and 5 cluster profiles, respectively. Modules 9, 38, and 41 were the most significant three colored modules. By weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), a total of 5,486 genes were categorized into 10 modules. , , , and were the hub genes of the turquoise module, and , , , , and were the hub genes of the blue module. Furthermore, functional KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that the turquoise module was involved in gastric acid secretion, sphingolipid metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, etc., and the blue module was enriched in pancreatic secretion, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism, etc. Our study aims to lay a molecular basis for the study of the physiological functions of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum in yaks. It can further elucidate the important roles of these mRNAs in regulation of growth, development and metabolism in yaks, and to provide a theoretical basis for age-appropriate weaning and supplementary feeding in yaks.
PubMed: 37808112
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1204706