-
American Journal of Ophthalmology May 1977We studied the clinical and microscopic appearances of the optic nerve head in squirrel monkeys with optic nerve degeneration produced by optic nerve transection at the...
We studied the clinical and microscopic appearances of the optic nerve head in squirrel monkeys with optic nerve degeneration produced by optic nerve transection at the orbital apex. The ophthalmoscopic development of optic disk pallor coincided with the loss of nerve fiber bundles and the rearrangement of the remaining disk astrocytes into dense parallel layers across the nerve head. No astrocytic mitoses were observed and the estimated volume of astrocytes increased only slightly from normal. Among the astrocytes in atrophic disks, many capillaries had patent lumens and ultrastructurally normal endothelial cells. Pallor of the optic disk seems to result from a decrease in the transmission of light into the cytoarchitecture of the atrophic nerve head, not from the absence of capillaries or from extensive astrocytic proliferation.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Capillaries; Cell Division; Haplorhini; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers; Optic Atrophy; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve; Pallor; Saimiri
PubMed: 405870
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(77)90138-6 -
Metabolic, Pediatric, and Systemic... 1990Firstly, the more distinctive features of the morphology and semeiology of the normal optic disk and peripapillary region are discussed. The authors then outline the... (Review)
Review
Firstly, the more distinctive features of the morphology and semeiology of the normal optic disk and peripapillary region are discussed. The authors then outline the principal morphological and functional characteristics of glaucomatous optic neuropathies. An appropriate description of the optic disorders which may resemble glaucoma follows. This section reviews separately the vascular disorders considered the most significant from the point of view of frequency and clinical scope, and non-vascular disorders of a heterogeneous nature (toxic, inflammatory, degenerative, malformative and compressive). Finally, the dangers of diagnostic confusion in such cases are mentioned and the most pertinent clinical characteristics for the differentiation between glaucomatous and glaucomatous-like forms are discussed.
Topics: Glaucoma; Humans; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases
PubMed: 2079903
DOI: No ID Found -
Ophthalmology Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Optic Disk; Intraocular Pressure
PubMed: 36229273
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.08.016 -
Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der... Oct 2016Glaucoma is defined as a progressive neuropathy of the optic nerve, characterized by specific changes of the optic disc, parapapillary region, and retinal nerve fiber... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Glaucoma is defined as a progressive neuropathy of the optic nerve, characterized by specific changes of the optic disc, parapapillary region, and retinal nerve fiber layer.
OBJECTIVES
Characteristic glaucomatous changes of the optic disc, parapapillary region, and retinal nerve fiber layer are discussed and their ophthalmoscopic examination is described.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature search in the PubMed database was conducted.
RESULTS
A systematic step-by-step approach to a qualitative and quantitative ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the optic disc regarding glaucomatous damage is presented.
CONCLUSION
A systematic, clinical, qualitative, and quantitative assessment of the optic disc can be performed with little effort and forms the basis for diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Glaucoma; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 27448220
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-016-0331-8 -
Vestnik Oftalmologii 2022The article presents five cases of various forms of hemangiomas of the optic nerve head (ONH) and juxtapapillary retina that were monitored and analyzed using ocular...
The article presents five cases of various forms of hemangiomas of the optic nerve head (ONH) and juxtapapillary retina that were monitored and analyzed using ocular visualization methods. The obtained data allowed a conclusion that capillary hemangioma of the ONH features clearly-seen boundaries of the lesion both on ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images; on the other hand, juxtapapillary granuloma can be characterized by blurred outlines on ophthalmoscopy and a gradual transition of the altered retina on OCT images with secondary changes seen in the macular area. When comorbid, capillary hemangioma of the ONH and retina feature a combination of these visualization signs.
Topics: Hemangioma, Capillary; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Retina; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 35488564
DOI: 10.17116/oftalma202213802166 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 1994We examined the optic disk appearance in ocular hypertensive eyes that had a normal result of conventional computed perimetry. Color stereo-optic disk photographs of 104...
We examined the optic disk appearance in ocular hypertensive eyes that had a normal result of conventional computed perimetry. Color stereo-optic disk photographs of 104 ocular hypertensive subjects and of 216 normal individuals were morphometrically evaluated. In the ocular hypertensive eyes as compared to the normal eyes, significant differences (P < .0001) were detected for a smaller area and an abnormal shape of the neuroretinal rim, larger zones alpha and beta of the parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy, a decreased visibility of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and a higher frequency of localized nerve fiber layer defects. The variables most useful to indicate optic nerve damage were an abnormal shape of the neuroretinal rim and a decreased visibility of the nerve fiber layer. The most specific variable was the presence of localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects. Evaluation of these variables may be helpful for the early diagnosis of glaucoma.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Fibers; Ocular Hypertension; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve; Retina; Visual Field Tests
PubMed: 8198157
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70316-2 -
Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology : the... Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Ophthalmologists; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases; Neurology
PubMed: 37974372
DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001993 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 1996To define the structure of optic disk pit maculopathy.
PURPOSE
To define the structure of optic disk pit maculopathy.
METHODS
A patient was examined with optic coherence tomography before and after an intravitreal gas tamponade.
RESULTS
Before intravitreal gas injection, optic coherence tomography defined a separation between the inner and outer layers of the retina that connected with the optic disk pit. An outer retinal layer detachment that centered on the fovea was also present. After pneumatic displacement of the intraretinal and subretinal fluid, optic coherence tomography disclosed that the two layers were opposed and in contact with the retinal pigment epithelium.
CONCLUSIONS
Optic coherence tomography confirmed the two-layer structure of optic disk pit maculopathy and demonstrated the positive effect of pneumatic displacement.
Topics: Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Macula Lutea; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Disk; Retinal Detachment; Retinal Diseases; Tomography; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 8694098
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72021-5 -
Retinal Cases & Brief Reports Jan 2022Optic disk pits (ODPs) are typically detected incidentally as small, gray, unilateral, oval-shaped excavation in the temporal optic disk on routine fundus examination....
PURPOSE
Optic disk pits (ODPs) are typically detected incidentally as small, gray, unilateral, oval-shaped excavation in the temporal optic disk on routine fundus examination. In this cross-sectional retrospective case series, we report optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with unilateral ODPs and describe changes in vessel perfusion associated with ODP.
METHODS
A total of eight eyes (four with ODP and four normal contralateral) were included in this study. Patients were excluded if any other optic disk abnormalities were present. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography (AngioVue; Optovue, Fremont, CA) imaging was conducted to map the vascularization of three layers in the optic nerve over a 4.5-mm × 4.5-mm region. The radial peripapillary capillaries, the nerve head capillaries, and the choriocapillaris were automatically segmented based on the OCT system software, and the capillary perfusion density (CPD) was quantified for each layer. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance was used to compare CPD in normal and ODP eyes of four patients with monocular ODP.
RESULTS
Overall, CPD was lower in eyes with ODP compared with the contralateral normal eye in the radial peripapillary capillary (0.4521 ± 0.08 vs. 0.5505 ± 0.03, P = 0.08) and nerve head capillary layers (0.5461 ± 0.08 vs. 0.5989 ± 0.01, P = 0.08). Significantly lower CPD values were associated with ODP eyes in the radial peripapillary capillary layer within the disk (P = 0.04), inferior nasal (P = 0.04), and temporal (P = 0.02) regions and in the nerve head vessel layer within the disk region (P = 0.04). Significantly higher CPD values were associated with ODP eyes in the choriocapillaris layer within the nasal (P = 0.02), superior temporal (P = 0.02), and inferior temporal (P = 0.02) regions. Visual acuity was also decreased in ODP eyes at 0.4 ± 0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units (20/50) compared with normal eyes at 0.1 ± 0.1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units (20/25) (P = 0.12).
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that the presence of an ODP is associated with decreased vascular density in some regions of the optic disk and reduced visual acuity.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Eye Abnormalities; Fluorescein Angiography; Humans; Microvascular Density; Optic Disk; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 31688795
DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000908 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2011The optic disc represents the anterior end of the optic nerve, the most forward extension of the central nervous system (CNS). The optic disc gives a rare glimpse into... (Review)
Review
The optic disc represents the anterior end of the optic nerve, the most forward extension of the central nervous system (CNS). The optic disc gives a rare glimpse into the CNS. Hence, diseases of the CNS are often manifested on fundus examination. Abnormalities of the optic disc may reflect eye disease (such as glaucoma), problems in development (as in various syndromes), or CNS disease (such as increased intracranial pressure). Each optic nerve is composed of about 1.2 million axons deriving from the retinal ganglion cells of one eye. Optic atrophy is a morphological sequela reflecting the loss of many or all of these axons. Myriad diseases such as hereditary, metabolic, tumor, and increased intracranial pressure can lead to optic atrophy. Some diseases, such as optic disc drusen, intracranial masses, orbital tumors, ischemic optic neuropathies, inflammations, and infiltrations, can produce optic disc edema before leading to optic atrophy. A number of new imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), quantitate the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer as an indirect measure of axonal loss or swelling. OCT can therefore be used to quantitate pathology or the response to therapy in various generalized CNS conditions, such as multiple sclerosis.
Topics: Glaucoma; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 21601065
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52903-9.00011-X