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Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Apr 2021Understanding oral cavity and oropharyngeal anatomy is important to identify various pathologies that may afflict them. This article reviews normal magnetic resonance... (Review)
Review
Understanding oral cavity and oropharyngeal anatomy is important to identify various pathologies that may afflict them. This article reviews normal magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of these vital spaces and structures, with special attention to the complex musculature, mucosal surfaces, relevant osseous structures, salivary glands, and nerves. Anatomic awareness of these spaces and critical potential pathways for perineural tumoral spread are important to recognize to improve diagnostic evaluation and treatment.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Oropharynx
PubMed: 33828059
DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0000000000000282 -
Medecine Sciences : M/S Mar 2020The oral cavity is one of the main route for environmental contaminations associated to many chronic diseases (cancers, fertility and behavior disorders for example) via... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is one of the main route for environmental contaminations associated to many chronic diseases (cancers, fertility and behavior disorders for example) via alimentation, medications and respiration. These environmental factors including, among others, endocrine disruptors and excessive fluoride can disrupt dental development and thus generate irreversible enamel defects. These defects are then treated with materials that may release molecules capable of generating these defects, leading to a vicious circle, particularly in pregnant women and young children. The present paper aims to review the state of knowledge, questions and controversies on common environmental factors in contact with the oral cavity. It also reviews their mechanisms of action and the mediators involved in enamel pathologies associated with environmental conditions. Dental tissues can not only be targeted by environmental factors but can also serve as early and easily accessible markers of exposure to these agents. Understanding and characterizing the environmental impact in the oral cavity will help to prevent multiple diseases, oral and distant, whose link with oral homeostasis is just being explored.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Biomarkers; Bone Diseases, Developmental; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Diet; Drug Administration Routes; Endocrine Disruptors; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Mouth; Pregnancy; Stomatognathic Diseases
PubMed: 32228840
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020024 -
Dermatologic Clinics Oct 2020Clinicians should be knowledgeable about the anatomy of the oral cavity and variations of normal because of oral and systemic health connections. This article presents... (Review)
Review
Clinicians should be knowledgeable about the anatomy of the oral cavity and variations of normal because of oral and systemic health connections. This article presents an overview of normal and variations of normal anatomy of the oral cavity.
Topics: Anatomic Variation; Exostoses; Gingiva; Humans; Lip; Mandible; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Palate; Physical Examination; Salivary Glands; Tongue; Tooth
PubMed: 32892849
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2020.05.001 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2021The human oral cavity is a major point of entry for microorganisms, many of which live and multiply in the mouth. In addition, it provides an accessible site for...
The human oral cavity is a major point of entry for microorganisms, many of which live and multiply in the mouth. In addition, it provides an accessible site for sampling compared to other parts of the body; however, caution should be taken during oral sampling as many factors contribute to the microbial diversity in a site-dependent manner. The accessibility of the oral cavity and its microbial diversity emphasize the crucial need to avoid cross-contamination during the sampling procedure. In this chapter, we describe various detailed oral sampling procedures. These methods include supragingival dental plaque sampling, subgingival dental plaque sampling, oral mucosal sampling, and endodontic sampling methods for extracted teeth or in the patient's mouth. The proposed protocols provide tips to avoid contamination between different oral sources of bacteria and possible alternatives to the tools used.
Topics: Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34410637
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1518-8_2 -
Journal of Periodontal Research Feb 2015The purpose of this article was to summarize what is known about the function of melatonin in the oral cavity. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this article was to summarize what is known about the function of melatonin in the oral cavity.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Databases were searched for the relevant published literature to 30 November, 2013. The following search items were used in various combinations: melatonin, gingiva, periodontium, inflammation, herpes, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, dental implants, xerostomia, methacrylate, chlorhexidine, cancer. The literature uncovered is summarized herein.
RESULTS
Salivary melatonin levels exhibit a circadian rhythm with highest values at night. Melatonin has both receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions in cells of the oral cavity. Melatonin is released into the saliva by the acinar cells of the major salivary glands and via the gingival fluid. Functions of melatonin in the oral cavity are likely to relate primarily to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These actions may suppress inflammation of the gingiva and periodontium, reduce alveolar bone loss, abrogate herpes lesions, enhance osteointegration of dental implants, limit oral cancer, and suppress disorders that have a free radical component. Sublingual melatonin tablets or oral melatonin sprays and topical melatonin-containing gel, if used on a regular basis, may improve overall oral health and reduce mucosal lesions.
CONCLUSION
Collectively, the results indicate that endogenously-produced and exogenously-applied melatonin are beneficial to the oral cavity.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Circadian Rhythm; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Melatonin; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Periodontium; Saliva
PubMed: 24665831
DOI: 10.1111/jre.12176 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Jan 2015Adverse reactions to medications are common and may have a variety of clinical presentations in the oral cavity. Targeted therapies and the new biologic agents have... (Review)
Review
Adverse reactions to medications are common and may have a variety of clinical presentations in the oral cavity. Targeted therapies and the new biologic agents have revolutionized the treatment of cancers, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory and rheumatologic diseases but have also been associated with adverse events in the oral cavity. Some examples include osteonecrosis, seen with not only bisphosphonates but also antiangiogenic agents, and the distinctive ulcers caused by mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. As newer therapeutic agents are approved, it is likely that more adverse drug events will be encountered. This review describes the most common clinical presentations of oral mucosal reactions to medications, namely, xerostomia, lichenoid reactions, ulcers, bullous disorders, pigmentation, fibrovascular hyperplasia, white lesions, dysesthesia, osteonecrosis, infection, angioedema, and malignancy. Oral health care providers should be familiar with such events, as they will encounter them in their practice.
Topics: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 25442252
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.09.009 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Sep 2016A wide variety of disorders may be seen affecting the reptile and amphibian oral cavity. Owners can easily miss problems until they are at an advanced stage because of... (Review)
Review
A wide variety of disorders may be seen affecting the reptile and amphibian oral cavity. Owners can easily miss problems until they are at an advanced stage because of the difficulty of examining the oral cavity at home. Because many problems are secondary to an inappropriate environment or diet and may be related to systemic disease, a full history and clinical examination is always required. Treatment of oral disorders also requires a holistic approach including correction of any predisposing factors in order for long-term successful resolution of the problem.
Topics: Amphibians; Animals; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Reptiles
PubMed: 27497202
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.04.002 -
The American Journal of Medicine Jun 2021
Topics: Dental Amalgam; Female; Gingiva; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouth; Tattooing
PubMed: 33359776
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.11.016 -
Supportive Care in Cancer : Official... Oct 2019Febrile neutropenia (FN) is an inflammatory response causing fever that may develop during cancer therapy-induced neutropenia. FN may herald life-threatening infectious... (Review)
Review
Febrile neutropenia (FN) is an inflammatory response causing fever that may develop during cancer therapy-induced neutropenia. FN may herald life-threatening infectious complications and should therefore be considered a medical emergency. Patients presenting with FN are routinely subjected to careful history taking and physical examination including X-rays and microbiological evaluations. Nevertheless, an infection is documented clinically in only 20-30% of cases, whereas a causative microbial pathogen is not identified in over 70% of FN cases. The oral cavity is generally only visually inspected. Although it is recognized that ulcerative oral mucositis may be involved in the development of FN, the contribution of infections of the periodontium, the dentition, and salivary glands may be underestimated. These infections can be easily overlooked, as symptoms and signs of inflammation may be limited or absent during neutropenia. This narrative review is aimed to inform the clinician on the potential role of the oral cavity as a potential source in the development of FN. Areas for future research directed to advancing optimal management strategies are discussed.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Dentition; Febrile Neutropenia; Female; Fever; Humans; Male; Mouth; Neoplasms; Periodontium; Salivary Glands; Stomatitis
PubMed: 31222393
DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-04925-8 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Sep 2016Acquired dental disease represents the most common oral disorder of guinea pigs. Most patients are presented with nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms, such as weight... (Review)
Review
Acquired dental disease represents the most common oral disorder of guinea pigs. Most patients are presented with nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms, such as weight loss, reduced food intake, difficulty chewing and/or swallowing. The physical examination must be followed by standard radiography and/or computed tomography, and thorough inspection under general anesthesia. Several complications may follow, including periodontal disease, subluxation of the temporomandibular joint, periapical infection, and abscessation. The dental treatment is aimed to restore the proper length and shape of both the incisor and cheek teeth, associated with medical and supportive treatment. Abscesses should be surgically addressed by complete excision.
Topics: Animals; Guinea Pigs; Mouth; Rodent Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases
PubMed: 27497208
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.04.006