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Radiologic Clinics of North America Jan 2015The oral cavity is a challenging area in head and neck imaging because of its complex anatomy and the numerous pathophysiologies that involve its contents. This...
The oral cavity is a challenging area in head and neck imaging because of its complex anatomy and the numerous pathophysiologies that involve its contents. This challenge is further compounded by the ubiquitous artifacts that arise from the dental amalgam, which compromise image quality. In this article, the anatomy of the oral cavity is discussed in brief, followed by a description of the imaging technique and some common pathologic abnormalities.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Mouth Abnormalities; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Floor; Mouth Neoplasms; Thyroglossal Cyst; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tongue
PubMed: 25476175
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2014.09.003 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Sep 2016Ornamental fish represent the largest and most diverse group of exotic animals kept as pets. The specific oral anatomy of each family or selected species has evolved to... (Review)
Review
Ornamental fish represent the largest and most diverse group of exotic animals kept as pets. The specific oral anatomy of each family or selected species has evolved to suit the natural environment, feeding behaviors, food or prey type, and location of the food/prey in the water column. The anatomy can change over the life of the animal, from fry to adult. The oral cavity of fish is susceptible to many problems including infectious and parasitic diseases, trauma, and neoplasia. Diagnosis may involve wet mount preparations of exfoliative cytology from the lesion, histopathology, and bacterial or fungal culture.
Topics: Animals; Feeding Behavior; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Mouth; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 27497201
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.04.001 -
Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine :... Jan 2010The oral cavity outreaches as a particular environment in which there is a continuous interplay between bacteria, fungi and viruses, and the epithelial barrier. Among... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity outreaches as a particular environment in which there is a continuous interplay between bacteria, fungi and viruses, and the epithelial barrier. Among the innate mechanisms that aim to establish a regulated equilibrium between health and disease, natural antimicrobial peptides, especially those part of the defensins' family, have emerged as fundamental mediators. Their biological role is emphasized by the large number of expressed genes, as well as the multiplicity of the individual molecules present on biological tissues and fluids, in physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, the direct antimicrobial action, defensins may play a pivotal role in the orchestration of the innate response and contribute to the interplay between the innate and adaptive immunity. This review focuses on the specificities of defensins' structure, expression and biological role in the oral environment, enlightening their relevance in physiological and pathological conditions.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Defensins; Epithelium; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 19895659
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00832.x -
Journal of Dental Research Sep 1998The world we live in contains unimaginable numbers of bacteria, and these and other single-celled creatures represent the major diversity of life on our planet. During... (Review)
Review
The world we live in contains unimaginable numbers of bacteria, and these and other single-celled creatures represent the major diversity of life on our planet. During the last decade or so, the complexity and intimacy of the interactions which occur between bacteria and host eukaryotic cells during the process of infection have begun to emerge. The study of such interactions is the subject of the new discipline of cellular microbiology. This intimacy of bacteria/host interactions creates a major paradox. The average human being is 90% bacteria in terms of cell numbers. These bacteria constitute the commensal or normal microflora and populate the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, and the surface of the skin. In bacterial infections, much of the pathology is due to the release of a range of bacterial components (e.g., modulins such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, DNA, molecular chaperones), which induce the synthesis of the local hormone-like molecules known as pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, such components must also be constantly released by the vast numbers of bacteria constituting the normal microflora and, as a consequence, our mucosae should constantly be in a state of inflammation. This is patently not the case, and a hypothesis is forwarded to account for this "commensal paradox", namely, that our commensal bacteria and mucosal surfaces exist in a state of bio-communism, forming a unified "tissue" in which interactions between bacteria and epithelia are finely balanced to ensure bacterial survival and prevent the induction of damaging inflammation. Evidence is emerging that bacteria can produce a variety of proteins which can inhibit the synthesis/release of inflammatory cytokines. The authors predict that such proteins are simply one part of an extensive signaling system which occurs between bacteria and epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces such as those found in the oral cavity.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Communism; Cytokines; Disease Susceptibility; Homeostasis; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Reference Values; Symbiosis
PubMed: 9759664
DOI: 10.1177/00220345980770090301 -
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology Oct 2010The oral cavity of the hospitalized or bedridden elderly is often a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens associated with respiratory diseases. Commensal flora and the... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity of the hospitalized or bedridden elderly is often a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens associated with respiratory diseases. Commensal flora and the host interact in a balanced fashion and oral infections are considered to appear following an imbalance in the oral resident microbiota, leading to the emergence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The definition of the process involved in colonization by opportunistic respiratory pathogens needs to elucidate the factors responsible for the transition of the microbiota from commensal to pathogenic flora. The regulatory factors influencing the oral ecosystem can be divided into three major categories: the host defense system, commensal bacteria, and external pathogens. In this article, we review the profile of these categories including the intricate cellular interaction between immune factors and commensal bacteria and the disturbance in homeostasis in the oral cavity of hospitalized or bedridden elderly, which facilitates oral colonization by opportunistic respiratory pathogens.
Topics: Aged; Bacteria; Humans; Mouth; Opportunistic Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 20579096
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00709.x -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012Several drugs may have a number of adverse reactions (ADRs) involving the oro-facial region. The dose of the drug and the time required for the reaction to take place... (Review)
Review
Several drugs may have a number of adverse reactions (ADRs) involving the oro-facial region. The dose of the drug and the time required for the reaction to take place are relevant parameters; nonetheless, ADRs mechanisms are not always known and ADRs are not always predictable since aspects other than drug pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics, as well as various interacting variables contribute to the final outcome. All tissues and many functions of the oral cavity can be affected. In particular, salivary function is frequently involved and hypo-salivation is the main manifestation; several mucosal lesions with different morphology (ulcerations, vesiculobullous lesions, white lesions, pigmentations, swelling) are also possible. Taste, sensation and trigeminal function alterations have been reported and the recent evidence regarding the occurrence of jawbones osteonecrosis, especially in bisphosphonates treated patients, is increasing. Clinical management may be quite difficult due to the multiplicity of involved classes of drugs and substances (dental materials, foods), the variety of affected tissues and functions, the type of produced lesions and disturbances, the complexity of related pathogenetic mechanisms (if known), the difficulties in assessing causality and managing drug withdrawal and/or dose adjustment, as well as in establishing specific treatments, if any. In this paper the most common and significant oral ADRs, their related aspects and importance (including medico-legal implications) for health care providers will be discussed.
Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Salivation; Taste; Time Factors
PubMed: 22632392
DOI: 10.2174/138161212803307518 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health... (Review)
Review
This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health Organization stated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission is produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity of infected patients. The oral cavity structures, keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa, and salivary glands' epithelia express SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission factors, especially angiotensin converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Replication of the virus in cells leads to local and systemic infection spread, and cellular damage is associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the disease in the oral cavity. Saliva, both the cellular and acellular fractions, holds the virus particles and contributes to COVID-19 transmission. The review also presents information about the factors modifying SARS-CoV-2 infection potential and possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the oral cavity. The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral virus infection, saliva, crevicular fluid, salivary gland, tongue, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, dental pulp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and related words in relevant publications up to 28 December 2021. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the articles were performed by two reviewers, and 63 articles were included in the final review.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Animals; COVID-19; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Pathology, Oral; Receptors, Virus; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Signal Transduction; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 35163355
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031431 -
Journal of Human Lactation : Official... Jun 1998
Review
Topics: Breast; Breast Feeding; Child Development; Female; Humans; Infant; Mouth; Sucking Behavior
PubMed: 9775838
DOI: 10.1177/089033449801400203 -
Oral Diseases Nov 2016In this article, we review candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) in oral cavity, potential of oral biomarkers as markers of neuroplasticity, and literature... (Review)
Review
In this article, we review candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) in oral cavity, potential of oral biomarkers as markers of neuroplasticity, and literature on the effects of exercise on oral cavity biomarkers in PD. We first describe how pathophysiological pathways of PD may be transduced from brain stem and ganglia to oral cavity through the autonomic nervous system or transduced by a reverse path. Next we describe the effects of exercise in PD and potential impact on oral cavity. We propose that biomarkers in oral cavity may be useful targets for describing exercise-induced brain neuroplasticity in PD. Nevertheless, much research remains to be carried out before applying these biomarkers for the determination of disease state and therapeutic response to develop strategies to mitigate motor or non-motor symptoms in PD.
Topics: Biomarkers; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Mouth; Neuronal Plasticity; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 26878123
DOI: 10.1111/odi.12463 -
The Journal of Laryngology and Otology May 2016This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. It provides recommendations on the...
This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. It provides recommendations on the assessment and management of patients with cancer of the oral cavity and the lip. Recommendations • Surgery remains the mainstay of management for oral cavity tumours. (R) • Tumour resection should be performed with a clinical clearance of 1 cm vital structures permitting. (R) • Elective neck treatment should be offered for all oral cavity tumours. (R) • Adjuvant radiochemotherapy in the presence of advanced neck disease or positive margins improves control rates. (R) • Early stage lip cancer can be treated equally well by surgery or radiation therapy. (R).
Topics: Chemoradiotherapy; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Interdisciplinary Communication; Lip; Lip Neoplasms; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Plastic Surgery Procedures; United Kingdom
PubMed: 27841120
DOI: 10.1017/S0022215116000499