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Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Jul 2021In a previous study that used butorphanol in pigs before castration performed under isoflurane anaesthesia, severe adverse effects were recorded. As in pigs, this has...
In a previous study that used butorphanol in pigs before castration performed under isoflurane anaesthesia, severe adverse effects were recorded. As in pigs, this has not been reported before, we aimed to investigate the effects of butorphanol in piglets. In this study ten 27 days old piglets were randomly allocated to receive either 0,2 mg/kg butorphanol (group B) or saline 0,9% (control group C) intramuscularly. Their behaviour was assessed for 60 minutes by two independent observers from videotapes. Two to 15 minutes after application, piglets in group B showed restlessness, distress and excessive vocalisation. Locomotor activity was increased, the piglets laid down considerably less frequently (p = 0,034) and for shorter time periods (p = 0,0014) during the first 40 minutes compared to group C. Group C animals slept most time of the experiment (45,1 ± 2,9 minutes in group C vs 12,7 ± 2,9 minutes in group B, p .
Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Anxiety; Butorphanol; Isoflurane; Male; Orchiectomy; Swine
PubMed: 34193400
DOI: 10.17236/sat00309 -
Research in Veterinary Science Oct 2017A systematic review and meta-analysis (MA) were performed to summarize all scientific evidence for the effects of castration in male beef cattle on welfare indicators... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
A systematic review and meta-analysis (MA) were performed to summarize all scientific evidence for the effects of castration in male beef cattle on welfare indicators based on cortisol concentration, average daily gain (ADG), and vocalization. We searched five electronic databases, conference proceedings, and experts were contacted electronically. The main inclusion criteria involved completed studies using beef cattle up to one year of age undergoing surgical and non-surgical castration that presented cortisol concentration, ADG, or vocalization as an outcome. A random effect MA was conducted for each indicator separately with the mean of the control and treated groups. A total of 20 publications reporting 26 studies and 162 trials were included in the MA involving 1814 cattle. Between study heterogeneity was observed when analysing cortisol (I=56.7%) and ADG (I=79.6%). Surgical and non-surgical castration without drug administration compared to uncastrated animals showed no change (P≥0.05) in cortisol level. Multimodal therapy for pain did not decrease (P≥0.05) cortisol concentration after 30min when non-surgical castration was performed. Comparison between surgical castration, with and without anaesthesia, showed a tendency (P=0.077) to decrease cortisol levels after 120min of intervention. Non-surgical and surgical castration, performed with no pain mitigation, increased and tended to increase the ADG by 0.814g/d (P=0.001) and by 0.140g/d (P=0.091), respectively, when compared to a non-castrated group. Our MA study demonstrates an inconclusive result to draw recommendations on preferred castration practices to minimize pain in beef cattle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Hydrocortisone; Male; Orchiectomy; Pain Management; Vocalization, Animal; Weight Gain
PubMed: 28755556
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.014 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Jun 2010The necessity, and in particular the timing of gonadectomy in dogs is still controversial. This is mainly because gonadectomy confers a mixture of benefits and adverse... (Review)
Review
The necessity, and in particular the timing of gonadectomy in dogs is still controversial. This is mainly because gonadectomy confers a mixture of benefits and adverse effects depending on age at neutering, breed and sex. On advising a client on gonadectomy, the frequency and consequences of the pros and cons should be balanced.
Topics: Animals; Cognition; Dogs; Female; Hysterectomy; Male; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Quality of Life; Risk Factors
PubMed: 20533199
DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000063 -
Cancer May 2008Expenditures related to the use of medical androgen deprivation led in part to the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) in 2003. This mandated a decline in reimbursement to...
BACKGROUND
Expenditures related to the use of medical androgen deprivation led in part to the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) in 2003. This mandated a decline in reimbursement to 80% to 85% of the average wholesale price starting in 2004 followed by a more significant reduction in 2005 to 106% of the average sales price, which effectively reduced the reimbursement by approximately 50% of 2003 values. The authors hypothesized that these changes in reimbursement may affect the way practitioners administer these treatments.
METHODS
The publicly available dataset Medicare Part B Extract Summary System was examined from 2001 to 2005 for trends in the number of allowed services and dollar amounts of allowed charges and payments. The reimbursable Medicare codes of J9217 (leuprolide acetate), J9202 (goserelin acetate), J9219 (leuprolide acetate implant), and J3315 (triptorelin pamoate) were examined for medical castration. The code for simple orchiectomy, 54520, was used for surgical castration.
RESULTS
The use of medical castration increased from 2001 to 2003, whereas, over the same period, surgical castration decreased. Total allowed charges for medical castration peaked in 2003 at $1.23 billion. After the enactment of the MMA, surgical castration rates increased, and medical castration decreased. Total allowed charges for medical castration in 2005 dropped 65% from the 2003 peak.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of medical androgen ablation decreased significantly with the decrease in reimbursement. The administration of either surgical or medical castration in the U.S. Medicare population appears to be tied closely to reimbursement in trend, but not always in magnitude.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Drug Utilization; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Health Care Costs; Health Services Research; Humans; Male; Medicare Part B; Orchiectomy; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reimbursement Mechanisms; United States
PubMed: 18393326
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23421 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Sep 2019Inguinal pain, unexplained hind limb lameness, back pain or behavioural problems in geldings could be attributable to painful neuromas that develop as a consequence of...
BACKGROUND
Inguinal pain, unexplained hind limb lameness, back pain or behavioural problems in geldings could be attributable to painful neuromas that develop as a consequence of crushing and severing the testicular nerves during castration. The presence of neuroma in this anatomical location has never been reported, hence the knowledge of possible clinical relevance is limited. The aim of this study was to histologically investigate the testicular nerves at the castration site in geldings for the presence of neuromas. Proximal spermatic cord remnants were collected from 20 geldings admitted to routine post mortem examination for various reasons. The time of castration was unknown, but it had not been performed during the last year. Spermatic cord specimens were immersed in 10% formalin, trimmed, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) for light microscopy. Identification of nerve tissue was done by immuno-localization of nerve specific enolase (NSE).
RESULTS
Neuromas were found in 21 spermatic cords from 13 geldings and were bilateral in eight of the horses. The neuromas consisted of areas with small groups of non-neoplastic proliferations of peripheral neural tissue. The tissue included neurofilaments and Schwann cells, intermingled or surrounded with, epineural, perineural and endoneural fibrous tissue. The neural tissue immunostained positive with NSE.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed neuromas of the remnant testicular nerves at the site of castration. Further studies are required to establish if these neuromas in the castration site are painful and if certain castration methods promote their formation. Future studies should also investigate the clinical consequence of these neuromas for the individual horse.
Topics: Animals; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Neuroma; Orchiectomy; Pain
PubMed: 31551087
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0479-8 -
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G,... Apr 2018The castration of farm animals is practiced routinely throughout the world and the procedure is subject to different levels of regulation in different countries. In... (Review)
Review
The castration of farm animals is practiced routinely throughout the world and the procedure is subject to different levels of regulation in different countries. In Germany, painful procedures in animals are regulated by the animal welfare act. However, the indications for acceptable methods of lamb and kid castration are still under discussion. There are distinct differences between the theoretical requirements of this legislation and experiences in practice. When male lambs are kept for many months with their dams, or with ewe lambs, castration is essential to avoid unwanted pregnancies and the slaughter of pregnant females. In the opinion of the authors, it is essential that castration of small ruminants must remain possible. However, the methods used for these painful procedures need to be reassessed and if necessary new regulations established. When castration is necessary, sufficient anaesthesia and analgesia must be used irrespective of species, age and method. To make this possible potent anaesthetics and analgesics urgently need to be licensed for use in these species. This would provide an evidence base for their use and extricate veterinary practitioners from the need to use the cascade system with its associated liabilities. Current literature has been reviewed here and possible new approaches discussed in order to establish solutions that are suitable for the animals, their keepers and veterinarians.
Topics: Analgesics; Animal Welfare; Animals; Germany; Male; Orchiectomy; Pain, Procedural; Sheep; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 29727877
DOI: 10.15653/TPG-180065 -
Urology Journal 2009Our aim was to evaluate effects of hemicastration in immature rabbits on the histology of the contralateral testis after puberty.
INTRODUCTION
Our aim was to evaluate effects of hemicastration in immature rabbits on the histology of the contralateral testis after puberty.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighteen immature male rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. The first group underwent right or left hemicastration and the second, sham operation. After their puberty, the rabbits underwent the second operation. In the former group the contralateral testis and in the latter, the right or left testis was removed and sent for pathologic examination. The two groups were compared in terms of Leydig cell count, testis volume, and seminiferous tubule count and diameter.
RESULTS
The mature rabbits' mean weight at the orchiectomy time, seminiferous tubule count, and seminiferous tubules diameter did not show significant differences between two groups. However, testis volumes and Leydig cell count were significantly higher in the first group with hemicastration prior to puberty. The mean testis volume was 3.24 +/- 2.06 mL in the first group and 1.4689 +/- 0.85701 mL in the second group (P = .03), and the mean Leydig cell count in every 5 microscopic high-power fields was 86.22 +/- 54.96 and 42.00 +/- 18.09, respectively (P = .04).
CONCLUSION
Our research demonstrated that prepubertal hemicastration in rabbits led to the compensatory hypertrophy in the contralateral testis after puberty and an increase in the number of the Leydig cells.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Hypertrophy; Male; Orchiectomy; Rabbits; Testis
PubMed: 19711275
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... May 2007
Topics: Age Factors; Animal Welfare; Animals; Hydrocortisone; Male; Orchiectomy; Pain; Sheep
PubMed: 16790360
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.002 -
The Urologic Clinics of North America Feb 1990With several effective therapeutic methods available for achieving androgen ablation, we must respect the psychological needs of our patients. The choice should...
With several effective therapeutic methods available for achieving androgen ablation, we must respect the psychological needs of our patients. The choice should ultimately be made by the patient after a thoughtful discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches. Cosmetic orchiectomy has the advantages of having the minimal morbidity of a simple operation, achieving the reliable result of androgen ablation and preserving the physical male organ without the risk of drug side effects and the dependence on patient compliance. In our experience, the operation is satisfactory both in achieving the therapeutic goal of androgen deprivation and in meeting the psychological needs of patients.
Topics: Humans; Male; Orchiectomy; Polytetrafluoroethylene; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostheses and Implants; Testis
PubMed: 2305508
DOI: No ID Found -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Dec 2006Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) via either surgical or chemical castration is the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). In North America, it is... (Review)
Review
Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) via either surgical or chemical castration is the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). In North America, it is estimated that more than 40,000 men start ADT each year. The side effects of this treatment are extensive and include gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, and reduced libido. These changes strongly challenge patients' self-identity and sexuality. The historical term for a man who has been castrated is 'eunuch', now a pejorative term implying overall social and sexual impotence. In this paper, we review key historical features of eunuch social performance and sexuality from a variety of cultures in order to assess the validity of contemporary stereotypes of the androgen-deprived male. Data were taken from secondary sources on the history of Byzantium, Roman Antiquity, Early Islamic societies, the Ottoman Empire, Chinese Dynasties, and the Italian Castrati period. This cross-cultural survey shows that castrated men consistently held powerful social positions that yielded great political influence. Many eunuchs were recognized for their loyalty, managerial style, wisdom, and pedagogical skills. Furthermore, rather than being consistently asexual and celibate, they were often sexually active. In certain cultures, they were objects of sexual desire for males, or females, or both. Collectively, the historical accounts suggest that, given the right cultural setting and individual motivation, androgen deprivation may actually enhance rather than hinder both social and sexual performance. We conclude that eunuch history contradicts the presumption that androgen deprivation necessarily leads to social and sexual impotence. The capabilities and accomplishments of eunuchs in the past gives patients on ADT grounds for viewing themselves in a positive light, where they are neither socially impotent nor sexually chaste.
Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Hierarchy, Social; History, 21st Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Libido; Male; Orchiectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sexuality; Time
PubMed: 16989928
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.007