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American Family Physician Dec 2013Testicular torsion is a twisting of the spermatic cord and its contents and is a surgical emergency affecting 3.8 per 100,000 males younger than 18 years annually. It... (Review)
Review
Testicular torsion is a twisting of the spermatic cord and its contents and is a surgical emergency affecting 3.8 per 100,000 males younger than 18 years annually. It accounts for 10% to 15% of acute scrotal disease in children, and results in an orchiectomy rate of 42% in boys undergoing surgery for testicular torsion. Prompt recognition and treatment are necessary for testicular salvage, and torsion must be excluded in all patients who present with acute scrotum. Testicular torsion is a clinical diagnosis, and patients typically present with severe acute unilateral scrotal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Physical examination may reveal a high-riding testicle with an absent cremasteric reflex. If history and physical examination suggest torsion, immediate surgical exploration is indicated and should not be postponed to perform imaging studies. There is typically a four- to eight-hour window before permanent ischemic damage occurs. Delay in treatment may be associated with decreased fertility, or may necessitate orchiectomy.
Topics: Age Distribution; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergencies; Humans; Male; Orchiectomy; Physical Examination; Spermatic Cord Torsion; Ultrasonography, Doppler
PubMed: 24364548
DOI: No ID Found -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Jul 2009The necessity, and in particular the timing, of gonadectomy in dogs and cats is still controversial. This is mainly because gonadectomy confers a mixture of benefits and... (Review)
Review
The necessity, and in particular the timing, of gonadectomy in dogs and cats is still controversial. This is mainly because gonadectomy confers a mixture of benefits and adverse effects that depend upon the age at neutering, sex, species and breed. In this paper, the long-term risks and benefits of gonadectomy, at various ages, in dogs and cats are reviewed using data describing the effects of desexing on the urogenital tract and on other medical conditions, such as orthopaedic diseases, immune-mediated diseases, tumour development and behaviour.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dogs; Female; Male; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy
PubMed: 19754532
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01437.x -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Dec 2007Elective gonadectomy of dogs and cats is one of the most common veterinary procedures in the United States. Increasingly, dog owners and members of the veterinary... (Review)
Review
Elective gonadectomy of dogs and cats is one of the most common veterinary procedures in the United States. Increasingly, dog owners and members of the veterinary profession throughout the world have questioned the optimal age for performance of these procedures and whether these procedure should even be performed as elective surgeries.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hysterectomy; Life Expectancy; Male; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Population Control; Postoperative Complications; Weight Gain
PubMed: 18052800
DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.11.1665 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2023
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Orchiectomy; Hysterectomy; Salpingectomy; Laparoscopy
PubMed: 38018743
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Ophthalmology May 2020To determine incidence and risk factors of post-sterilization hyphema in shelter cats.
OBJECTIVE
To determine incidence and risk factors of post-sterilization hyphema in shelter cats.
ANIMALS STUDIED
Retrospective medical record review of 1204 cats and prospective screening of 195 cats.
PROCEDURES
The study consisted of three parts: (a) Survey responses were collected from 20 veterinarians, who perform high-quality high-volume spay-neuter (HQHVSN) in both shelter and public clinic settings; (b) medical records of 1204 cats were analyzed retrospectively over a 14-month time period; and (c) ophthalmic examinations, including tonometry, were performed prospectively on 195 cats before and after sterilization surgery over 8 weeks.
RESULTS
Nine of 20 surveyed veterinarians reported having witnessed hyphema in cats following sterilization surgery. Retrospective review of 1204 medical record and prospective screening of 195 cats showed that three juvenile (<1 year of age) male cats (<2 kg) developed hyphema within 1 hour following surgery (0.2% incidence). In all three affected cats, anesthesia was induced with tiletamine/zolazepam (3 of 523 cats induced with this drug combination; 0.6% incidence), and hyphema resolved within 20 hours. Mean intraocular pressures as measured by Icare® TonoVet were (mean ± standard deviation) 11.5 ± 3.8 mm Hg and 21.7 ± 4.6 mm Hg for juvenile (<1 year of age) and adult (>1 year of age) cats, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Survey responses and three observed cases confirm the existence of feline post-sterilization hyphema with an estimated incidence of 0.2%. The underlying mechanism for this occurrence remains unknown.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Female; Hyphema; Hysterectomy; Incidence; Male; Michigan; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Records; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32216041
DOI: 10.1111/vop.12760 -
British Medical Journal Jul 1949
Topics: Castration; Humans; Male; Orchiectomy
PubMed: 18132429
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4618.59 -
Experimental Physiology Jan 2022What is the central question of this study? Does endogenous testosterone modulate the consequences of intermittent hypoxia (IH) in the lungs of male mice? What is the...
NEW FINDINGS
What is the central question of this study? Does endogenous testosterone modulate the consequences of intermittent hypoxia (IH) in the lungs of male mice? What is the main finding and its importance? Orchiectomized mice exposed to IH develop a pattern that is similar to emphysema or obstructive lung disease with elevated lung volumes, low pulmonary elastance during a methacholine challenge test and high counts of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavages. Since low testosterone levels and other respiratory diseases are common in sleep apnoea, there is a clear clinical relevance to these results.
ABSTRACT
We tested the hypothesis that low testosterone levels modulate the pulmonary responses to intermittent hypoxia (IH; used as a model of sleep apnoea (SA)) in male mice. We used intact (SHAM) or orchiectomized (ORX) mice exposed to IH for 14 days (12 h/day, 10 cycles/h, 6% oxygen) or to normoxia (Nx). We first measured ventilation and metabolic rates in freely behaving mice (whole-body plethysmography) and then respiratory mechanics in tracheotomized mice (flexiVent). We assessed the respiratory system resistance and elastance (E ), Newtonian resistance (resistance of the large airways), tissue damping and tissue elastance (H) under baseline conditions and during a methacholine challenge test. We also measured the quasi-static compliance and inspiratory capacity with partial pressure-volume loops. Finally, inflammatory cells were counted in the broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and we measured lung volume by water displacement. ORX-IH mice had higher tidal volume, inspiratory capacity and lung volume compared to the other groups, but showed signs of low efficiency of O exchange rate relative to minute ventilation. During the methacholine challenge, orchiectomy decreased the values of most mechanical parameters and IH reduced E and H leading to very low values in ORX-IH mice. Finally, the total number of cells and the number of lymphocytes in BAL were both increased by IH in ORX mice. Since reduced lung elasticity, low O extraction, increased lung volumes and inflammation are signs of emphysematous lung disease, we conclude that testosterone might prevent lung emphysema during IH exposures.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hypoxia; Inflammation; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Orchiectomy
PubMed: 34761830
DOI: 10.1113/EP090050 -
American Journal of Hematology Nov 1998The decrease in testosterone production associated with bilateral orchiectomy may result in normocytic anemia in men. We sought to determine the effect of orchiectomy on... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The decrease in testosterone production associated with bilateral orchiectomy may result in normocytic anemia in men. We sought to determine the effect of orchiectomy on hemoglobin concentration. Patients were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic in 1993 and 1994 and underwent bilateral orchiectomy for prostate carcinoma. All patients were seen by one of the staff urologists. Patients were included if they had a normal preoperative complete blood cell count and serum levels of creatinine, if they remained without disease progression (suppressed prostate-specific antigen level and no evidence of clinical progression on review), and if they had normal serum levels of creatinine and mean corpuscular volume during the follow-up period. The patients could have no other cause of anemia. The complete blood cell count, prostate-specific antigen level, and serum level of creatinine were determined preoperatively and at least once (>90 days) after orchiectomy. Sixty-four patients were included in the analysis (median age, 68 years). The median decrease in hemoglobin concentration was 1.2 g/dL after orchiectomy. There was a statistically significant difference in the hemoglobin concentration before orchiectomy compared with postoperative values at all the intervals studied, both by the paired group t-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. There is a clinically and statistically significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration after orchiectomy. Knowledge of this phenomenon may prevent unnecessary diagnostic work-up in men with normocytic anemia after bilateral orchiectomy.
Topics: Aged; Anemia; Blood Cell Count; Hemoglobins; Humans; Linear Models; Male; Orchiectomy; Time Factors
PubMed: 9798661
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199811)59:3<230::aid-ajh8>3.0.co;2-2 -
Journal of Animal Science Jun 2022Biological sex is a major host factor influencing risk for infectious disease-associated mortality, and chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Research in human... (Review)
Review
Biological sex is a major host factor influencing risk for infectious disease-associated mortality, and chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Research in human and rodent models -has revealed sex differences that exist across organ systems during health and disease that may contribute to sex biases in disease risk. Despite the robust and growing literature on the role of sex as a risk factor in human disease, comparatively little attention has been focused on investigating the role of biological sex in disease susceptibility in agriculturally important animal populations such as the pig. To date, comparisons between sexes have focused on carcass composition, growth rate, and feed efficiency in pigs. However, there is a large gap in the literature regarding the effects of biological sex on other integral aspects of health and disease. The objective of this review is to highlight the available literature reporting sex differences in pig health and biology with an emphasis on sex differences in mortality, immunity, and gastrointestinal (GI) physiology and to address biological sex as a significant biological variable in disease risk and research study design. A basic overview of the biology of sex differences including the major hormonal and genetic/chromosomal mechanisms of sexual differentiation and the developmental periods in which sex differences emerge will be covered. This review will also discuss how production-relevant management and environmental factors (e.g., wean age, castration, stress, and nutrition) interact with biological sex to shape host immune and GI development and function. Perceived gaps in knowledge and areas of future research will also be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Male; Orchiectomy; Research Design; Risk Factors; Sex Characteristics; Sex Factors; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35708590
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac146 -
Journal of Smooth Muscle Research =... 2022This study aimed to verify whether Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA) and/or Orchiectomy (ORX) modify the expression of the Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms, the endothelial...
PURPOSE
This study aimed to verify whether Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA) and/or Orchiectomy (ORX) modify the expression of the Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms, the endothelial function or the structure of rat aortas.
METHODS
Sixty-three Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: 1) Control; 2) ORX; 3) AIA; 4) Orchiectomy plus to Arthritis-induction (ORX/AIA). Thus, 21 days after the onset of AIA (by intradermal injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis), the presence of Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4, the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation and the media layer thickness were assessed in the aorta taken from these animals.
RESULTS
The Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 were immunostained in intima, media and adventitia layers of aortas taken from all studied groups and AIA apparently increased this immunostaining. These modifications of Nox1, Nox2 or Nox4 expression, however, were not confirmed by Western blotting. In addition, neither AIA nor ORX changed the endothelial function, but ORX increased the media layer thickness in the studied aortas.
CONCLUSION
The present study showed weak clues of increased expression of Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 as a result of AIA, as well as of Nox1 reduction caused by ORX. In addition, the endothelial function was not modified in the aortas of these animals by both AIA and/or ORX. On the other hand, ORX increased significantly the aorta media layer thickness in the studied animals, which was apparently mitigated by AIA.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Arthritis, Experimental; Endothelium, Vascular; Male; Orchiectomy; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 35944980
DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.58.63