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Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic... Dec 2010Osteopenia is a term to define bone density that is not normal but also not as low as osteoporosis. By definition from the World Health Organization osteopenia is... (Review)
Review
Osteopenia is a term to define bone density that is not normal but also not as low as osteoporosis. By definition from the World Health Organization osteopenia is defined by bone densitometry as a T score -1 to -2.5. There are many causes for osteopenia including calcium and vitamin D deficiency and inactivity. Genetics plays an important role in a person's bone mineral density and often Caucasian women with a thin body habitus who are premenopausal are found to have osteopenia. Correction of calcium and vitamin D deficiency and walking 3 to 5 miles a week can often improve bone density in the hip and spine. There are a variety of pharmaceutical agents that have been recommended for the treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis including hormone replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulator therapy, anti-resorptive therapy. In addition patients with osteoporosis who have failed anti-resorptive therapy can have a significant improvement in their bone density with anabolic therapy.
Topics: Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Exercise Therapy; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 21234807
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0 -
Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ Jul 2015The continuous advances in intensive care have led to increased survival of premature infants. As a consequence, the problem of less imminent, slowly progressing... (Review)
Review
The continuous advances in intensive care have led to increased survival of premature infants. As a consequence, the problem of less imminent, slowly progressing disorders such as osteopenia of prematurity has been emerging. Osteopenia of prematurity (OOP) also called metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBD) or rickets of prematurity is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral content usually manifest between 6th to 12th weeks of corrected gestational age. It occurs in up to 55% of infants born with weight <1000gm and 23% of infants weighing <1500gm. Clinical features of osteopenia of prematurity are mostly non-specific often appears as a late symptoms. Several biochemical markers have frequently been used as screening tools and diagnostic markers, but timing of measurements and the levels at which treatment should be initiated vary widely. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and Quantitative ultrasnogram are important diagnostic tool. Standard X-ray, a widely accepted but cannot detect osteopenia unless 20% loss of bone mineralization. The treatment of osteopenia includes provision of adequate mineral supplementation. Monitoring of serum and urinary markers are mandatory. The focus on prevention has largely centered on providing adequate intake of phosphorus and calcium but more research is needed. Till date there are neither enough data regarding clinical risk factors, valid biochemical markers which can detect premature babies at risk of osteopenia nor supplementation as well as appropriate timely management protocol is practicing in Bangladesh.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bangladesh; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Calcium; Dietary Supplements; Disease Progression; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Intensive Care, Neonatal; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 26329969
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Internal Medicine Apr 2022Zhang S, Huang X, Zhao X, et al. J Clin Nurs. 2021. [Epub ahead of print]. 34725872. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Zhang S, Huang X, Zhao X, et al. J Clin Nurs. 2021. [Epub ahead of print]. 34725872.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 35377720
DOI: 10.7326/J22-0014 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Jun 2010It is not widely appreciated how deleterious prolonged periods of non-weight-bearing are to skeletal integrity. Rates of decline in humans exposed to prolonged... (Review)
Review
It is not widely appreciated how deleterious prolonged periods of non-weight-bearing are to skeletal integrity. Rates of decline in humans exposed to prolonged spaceflight, for example, are about 10-fold greater than those observed in postmenopausal women and are associated with a significant loss of bone strength. New data on the efficacy of muscle contraction independent of weight bearing in preventing disuse osteopenia suggest that there may not be an absolute requirement for ground reaction forces to maintain bone mass. Mechanisms for disuse osteopenia are likely to involve a number factors contributing to the integrated physiologic response, including changes in interstitial fluid pressures, input from the sympathetic nervous system, and changes in bone marrow osteoprogenitor cell populations. Exciting new data using hindlimb unloaded rodents are defining the important role of the protein sclerostin in regulating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and subsequent loss of bone during periods of disuse.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Incidence; Motor Activity; Muscle Strength; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 20425616
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-010-0013-4 -
Disease-a-month : DM Oct 1987Osteopenia in the elderly is responsible for 1.3 million fractures per year in the United States. The acute care costs associated with this disorder are between $6 and... (Review)
Review
Osteopenia in the elderly is responsible for 1.3 million fractures per year in the United States. The acute care costs associated with this disorder are between $6 and $10 billion dollars annually. Although much has been learned over the last few years of the factors that predispose patients to osteoporosis and how these factors may be avoided, the precise pathophysiologic mechanisms for bone loss remain obscure. Significant technological advances have been made in the 1980s in the development of noninvasive methods for measuring bone mineral density that give indirect assessments of bone mass. However, these methods are very controversial, are not suitable for mass screening for detecting subjects potentially at risk, and have a limited place in routine clinical care. Osteoporosis is characterized by thinning and fragmentation of trabecular bone, which is probably irreversible when it is far advanced. The most reasonable therapeutic approach may be prevention, which can be achieved in many patients by estrogen therapy in the perimenopausal years and insuring an adequate dietary calcium intake, particularly in adolescents and in the elderly. Physical activity throughout life is also likely to be important in maintaining adequate bone mass. It is important to differentiate osteoporosis from other causes of osteopenia, for example, osteomalacia, primary hyperparathyroidism, and malignant diseases such as myeloma, since these bone diseases have a different natural history, pathophysiology, and treatment.
Topics: Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Humans; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 3315529
DOI: 10.1016/0011-5029(87)90031-9 -
Current Rheumatology Reports Dec 2013Whether or not to use pharmacologic agents for primary prevention of fracture among elderly men and women with osteopenia is debated by clinicians. In this review we... (Review)
Review
Whether or not to use pharmacologic agents for primary prevention of fracture among elderly men and women with osteopenia is debated by clinicians. In this review we provide an update to enable better understanding and characterization of this population, including the prevalence of osteopenia, transitioning from osteopenia to osteoporosis, and clinically applicable tools for fracture risk assessment. We also emphasize the very limited evidence of the benefits and risks of anti-osteoporotic agents for this population for primary fracture prevention, and the need for future studies to guide clinical practice.
Topics: Bone Density Conservation Agents; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Disease Progression; Humans; Mass Screening; Osteoporosis; Osteoporotic Fractures; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 24222198
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-013-0384-5 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal... May 2013
Review
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22556204
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2011-301025 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Mar 1990
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Humans; Osteoporosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 2185613
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650050302 -
The New England Journal of Medicine May 2007
Review
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Calcium; Diphosphonates; Exercise; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Reference Values; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Vitamin D
PubMed: 17538088
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp070341 -
Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the... 1988
Review
Topics: Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans
PubMed: 2970913
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb01021.x