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Pharmacology & Therapeutics Aug 2021The HECT E3 ligase family regulates key cellular signaling pathways, with its 28 members divided into three subfamilies: NEDD4 subfamily (9 members), HERC subfamily (6... (Review)
Review
The HECT E3 ligase family regulates key cellular signaling pathways, with its 28 members divided into three subfamilies: NEDD4 subfamily (9 members), HERC subfamily (6 members) and "Other" subfamily (13 members). Here, we focus on the less-explored "Other" subfamily and discuss the recent findings pertaining to their biological roles. The N-terminal regions preceding the conserved HECT domains are significantly diverse in length and sequence composition, and are mostly unstructured, except for short regions that incorporate known substrate-binding domains. In some of the better-characterized "Other" members (e.g., HUWE1, AREL1 and UBE3C), structure analysis shows that the extended region (~ aa 50) adjacent to the HECT domain affects the stability and activity of the protein. The enzymatic activity is also influenced by interactions with different adaptor proteins and inter/intramolecular interactions. Primarily, the "Other" subfamily members assemble atypical ubiquitin linkages, with some cooperating with E3 ligases from the other subfamilies to form branched ubiquitin chains on substrates. Viruses and pathogenic bacteria target and hijack the activities of "Other" subfamily members to evade host immune responses and cause diseases. As such, these HECT E3 ligases have emerged as potential candidates for therapeutic drug development.
Topics: Humans; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
PubMed: 33607149
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107809 -
Current Treatment Options in Neurology Apr 2019The role of onabotulinumtoxinA in headache management was serendipitously found over a decade ago and approved for chronic migraine in 2010 based on pivotal studies. The... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW
The role of onabotulinumtoxinA in headache management was serendipitously found over a decade ago and approved for chronic migraine in 2010 based on pivotal studies. The purpose of this review is to highlight the impact on headache and other health parameters which is critically reviewed, as well as the putative mechanisms of action.
RECENT FINDINGS
OnabotulinumtoxinA is effective in migraine, not only headache frequency and pain intensity but also other health parameters including quality of life. Tolerability is high and benefit/cost analysis is favorable. It should be considered off-label in refractory trigeminal neuralgia and post-herpetic neuralgia but further research in these areas. Ongoing investigation of onabotulinumtoxinA in cluster headache is too preliminary for recommendation of use but promising. Recent and future developments in other headache disorders are discussed. OnabotulinumtoxinA has been approved for migraine almost a decade ago and been proven beneficial not only on headache parameters but other health outcomes. Its role as adjuvant is being studied and emerging in other headache syndromes.
PubMed: 30945012
DOI: 10.1007/s11940-019-0561-6 -
The Psychiatric Quarterly Dec 2017The patient-psychiatrist relationship is a cornerstone of psychiatric professionalism and ethics. We discuss this topic along the axis of the Other and the Same,... (Review)
Review
The patient-psychiatrist relationship is a cornerstone of psychiatric professionalism and ethics. We discuss this topic along the axis of the Other and the Same, concepts defined by continental philosophy. The self of Anglo-American philosophy is typically described in individualistic terms. Individualism, autonomy and ideal self are valorized within the current model of care. These characteristics belong to the Lacanian Imaginary Order, which is the core of narcissism. Patients may yearn for another model of interaction. For Levinas, ethics should not involve a search for perfectionism and accomplishment but responsibility toward others. Ethics is, according to him, rooted in the calling into question of one's Sameness by the other's Otherness. The question of hospitality and of the welcoming of Otherness is central to his thought. Derrida further asks whether hospitality is not an interruption of the self. Hospitality may thus become a fundamental way of re-thinking clinical practices. A relationship to the Other as an-other is characterized as of Euclidian-type, establishing borders between the self and the Other, whereas a relationship to the Other as same is characterized as of fractal-type, emphasizing similarities between self and other as same and obliterating boundaries. Winnicott's object-relating versus use of object and Buber's I-you and I-it relations are also examined along the axis of Sameness and Otherness. Since psychiatric clinical practice requires to our view adequate and adaptive to and fro movements along this axis, the two forms of relating to the Other are discussed both theoretically and through a clinical case presentation.
Topics: Ego; Humans; Philosophy; Physician-Patient Relations; Psychiatry
PubMed: 27975176
DOI: 10.1007/s11126-016-9488-1 -
Brain Topography Nov 2019Being able to discriminate between what originates from ourselves and what originates from others is critical for efficient interactions with our social environment.... (Review)
Review
Being able to discriminate between what originates from ourselves and what originates from others is critical for efficient interactions with our social environment. However, it remains an open question whether self-other distinction is a domain-general mechanism that is involved in various social-cognitive functions or whether specific 'self-other distinction mechanisms' exist for each of these functions. On the neural level, there is evidence that self-other distinction is related to a specific brain region at the border of the superior temporal and inferior parietal cortex, the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). Demonstrating that the TPJ plays a role in social processes that require self-other distinction would support the idea of a domain-general mechanism of self-other distinction. In the present paper, we review evidence coming from clinical observations, neuroimaging experiments and a meta-analysis indicating the involvement of the TPJ in various cognitive operations requiring self-other distinction. At the perceptual level, we discuss the human ability to identify one's own body and to distinguish it from others. At the action level, we review research on the human ability to experience agency and the control of imitative response tendencies. Finally, at the mental-state level, we discuss the ability to attribute mental states to others. Based on this integrative review, we suggest that the TPJ, and in particular its dorsal part, supports a domain general ability to enhance task-relevant representations when self-related and other-related representations are in conflict. Finally, this conception allows us to propose a unifying architecture for the emergence of numerous socio-cognitive abilities.
Topics: Adult; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Parietal Lobe; Self Concept; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 31676934
DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00737-5 -
Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 2023This paper addresses intersectionality and disability in global contexts. Disability as a category of identity is often omitted in rhetoric about intersectionality,...
This paper addresses intersectionality and disability in global contexts. Disability as a category of identity is often omitted in rhetoric about intersectionality, which usually considers race and gender, with some consideration of other identities. However, disability like other identities is socially constructed, and liable to misrepresentation and is often siloed from other issues and experiences. Someone identifying as disabled may not be recognised by those around them as having other identities too. In discussions about intersectionality, a simplistic "additive" approach is common, while the shifting complexities and interactions between people's multiple identities are not considered with nuance. Disabled people may pragmatically adopt a kind of "strategic essentialism". This allows them to claim a disabled identity and a specific dialogic space in order to gain recognition and perhaps access to support and services. However, they may prefer not to be classified in this dichotomised way because this ignores other aspects of them. Often an impairment is only of importance to the extent that it means that the person needs some reasonable adjustments in order to participate on equal basis with others. Arguably the SDGs and other global guidelines and treaties do not address disability as a significant identity sufficiently, nor recognise it as an important aspect of many people in combination with their other identities, rather than a stand-alone feature of them. When analysing the types of disadvantages that people experience, a broader more flexible approach is needed which recognises the ways in which different identities combine and influence people's experiences.
PubMed: 37637932
DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1200386 -
British Journal of Psychology (London,... May 2023People are better at remembering own-race relative to other-race faces. Here, we review event-related brain potential (ERP) correlates of this so-called other-'race'... (Review)
Review
People are better at remembering own-race relative to other-race faces. Here, we review event-related brain potential (ERP) correlates of this so-called other-'race' effect (ORE) by discussing three critical aspects that characterize the neural signature of this phenomenon. First, difficulties with other-race faces initially emerge during perceptual processing, which is indexed by an increased N170. Second, as evidenced by 'difference due to subsequent memory' effects, more effortful processing of other-race faces is needed for successful encoding into long-term memory. Third, ERP old/new effects reveal that a stronger engagement of processing resources is also required for successful retrieval of other-race faces from memory. The ERP evidence available to date thus suggests widespread ethnicity-related modulations during both perceptual and mnemonic processing stages. We further discuss how findings from the ORE compared with potentially related memory biases (e.g. other-gender or other-age effects) and how ERP findings inform the ongoing debate regarding the mechanisms underlying the ORE. Finally, we outline open questions and potential future directions with an emphasis on using multiple, ecologically more valid 'ambient' images for each face to assess the ORE in paradigms that capture identity rather than image recognition.
Topics: Humans; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Brain; Memory; Recognition, Psychology; Pattern Recognition, Visual
PubMed: 36018312
DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12591 -
Autism : the International Journal of... Feb 2022Many autistic children across the globe speak languages other than English. However, much of the research about teaching children with autism to read and write is... (Review)
Review
Many autistic children across the globe speak languages other than English. However, much of the research about teaching children with autism to read and write is derived from studies including people who speak English and no other languages. Here, we review the research on teaching children with autism to read and write in languages other than English. We did this because the world's languages, and the ways they are represented in written form, vary greatly. A broader overview that encompasses languages other than English can help us better understand how learning to read and write can be supported for autistic children around the world. The studies included in our review highlight some potential differences in effective literacy teaching for autistic children learning to read and write using different writing systems. The studies we reviewed tended to include relatively small samples of autistic children, among other limitations. We hope that our review will increase awareness and research efforts in the area of autism and global literacy.
Topics: Autistic Disorder; Child; Education, Special; Humans; Language; Learning; Literacy; Reading
PubMed: 34233507
DOI: 10.1177/13623613211025422 -
The Journal of Analytical Psychology Apr 2002In this paper, the theme of the other will be examined and it will be argued that it is important to differentiate between two distinct types of other--the 'exotic'... (Review)
Review
In this paper, the theme of the other will be examined and it will be argued that it is important to differentiate between two distinct types of other--the 'exotic' other which is distant and very different from the subject, and the 'familiar' other which is closer to the subject. The dynamic relationship between these two others will be investigated, and emphasis will be given to the process through which the exotic other tends to subjugate the familiar other. This relationship will then be discussed in its various applied forms, in the contexts of clinical practice and socio-political dimensions. In particular, a new reading of Jung's approach to the 'primitive' will be developed, based on the subjugation of the 'familiar' other by the 'exotic' other. A similar line of investigation will be followed to examine the concept of psychological trauma. In addition, Freud's 'narcissism of minor differences' and Bion's distinction between 'narcissism' and 'socialism' will be considered in the light of this differentiation between these two others.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Jungian Theory; Male; Narcissism; Personality Disorders; Self Concept
PubMed: 12025493
DOI: 10.1111/1465-5922.00303 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jan 2016This opinion piece offers a commentary on the four papers that address the theme of the development of self and other understanding with a view to highlighting the... (Review)
Review
This opinion piece offers a commentary on the four papers that address the theme of the development of self and other understanding with a view to highlighting the important contribution of developmental research to understanding of mechanisms of social cognition. We discuss potential mechanisms linking self-other distinction and empathy, implications for grouping motor, affective and cognitive domains under a single mechanism, applications of these accounts for joint action and finally consider self-other distinction in group versus dyadic settings.
Topics: Affect; Cognition; Empathy; Humans; Psychology, Developmental; Psychomotor Performance; Self Concept; Social Behavior
PubMed: 26644595
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0076 -
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 2022Dignity and indignity, risk and safety, are pairs of concepts on a continuum, and this continuum can have fuzzy boundaries and differing interpretations. Risk is...
Dignity and indignity, risk and safety, are pairs of concepts on a continuum, and this continuum can have fuzzy boundaries and differing interpretations. Risk is typically defined and apprehended by an actor and an observer and can shift according to time, place, context, and voice. Moreover, when the dignity of risk is considered, it typically involves the subject who is deemed to be taking the risk(s) and the other who is considering protection or safeguards and weighing in at a specific moment in time, focusing on a window of information and conceptualization. This can lead to reflexive responses and confirmatory biases. This article draws on the author's experience as a psychologist and clinical ethicist and focuses on judgments about the other, the meaning of risk, and the confounding nature of human perceptions and attributions about risk. As humans in relationship with each other, we are imperfect evaluators of risk for the other. Humility and an openness to situational factors may open up much needed space for reflection.
Topics: Humans; Respect
PubMed: 35938429
DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2022.0017