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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022For immobile plants, the main means of protection against adverse environmental factors is the biosynthesis of various secondary (specialized) metabolites. The extreme... (Review)
Review
For immobile plants, the main means of protection against adverse environmental factors is the biosynthesis of various secondary (specialized) metabolites. The extreme diversity and high biological activity of these metabolites determine the researchers' interest in plants as a source of therapeutic agents. Oxylipins, oxygenated derivatives of fatty acids, are particularly promising in this regard. Plant oxylipins, which are characterized by a diversity of chemical structures, can exert protective and therapeutic properties in animal cells. While the therapeutic potential of some classes of plant oxylipins, such as jasmonates and acetylenic oxylipins, has been analyzed thoroughly, other oxylipins are barely studied in this regard. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of all major classes of plant oxylipins, including derivatives of acetylenic fatty acids, jasmonates, six- and nine-carbon aldehydes, oxy-, epoxy-, and hydroxy-derivatives of fatty acids, as well as spontaneously formed phytoprostanes and phytofurans. The presented analysis will provide an impetus for further research investigating the beneficial properties of these secondary metabolites and bringing them closer to practical applications.
Topics: Animals; Oxylipins; Cyclopentanes; Plants
PubMed: 36498955
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314627 -
Voprosy Pitaniia 2020Oxylipins are biologically active molecules that are formed in all aerobic organisms enzymatically or as a result of the action of free radicals and reactive oxygen... (Review)
Review
Oxylipins are biologically active molecules that are formed in all aerobic organisms enzymatically or as a result of the action of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The value of oxylipins for plants is comparable to the value of eicosanoids for animals and humans. In the human organism, the oxylipins' formation occurs through enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxygenation of various ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) obtained from food. Being "local hormones", oxylipins are involved in the regulation of inflammation, pain response, cell adhesion, migration and proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, regulation of blood pressure, blood coagulation, and blood vessel permeability. There is a hypothesis that the molecular structure of oxylipins allows them to be positioned as adaptogens and justifies the use of plants as potential sources of oxylipins in traditional medicine. of this research is a brief analytical review of publications characterizing the adaptogenic potential and promising sources of oxylipins (plant, cyanobacteria, and algae). . The publications of the last decade indicate an increased interest in the oxylipins of plants, cyanobacteria, and algae. In total, about 150 oxylipins and their derivatives are known in plants and fungi. Of the plant sources of oxylipins, Peruvian poppy root (Lepidium meyenii), white bryony (Bryonia alba L.), blackcurrant seed oil (Ribes nigrum), and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) are of particular interest. Some macroalgae are capable of non-enzymatically or enzymatically synthesizing a variety of oxylipins, including antiinflammatory prostaglandins, resolvins, an d leukotrienes. In addition, to common oxidized derivatives of fatty acids, macroalgae also contain a number of complex and unique oxylipins. Other sour ces of oxylipin producers include macroscopic gelatin colonies of freshwater cyanobacteria Aphanothece sacrum. As the analysis of the presented in the review publications showed, most anti-inflammatory and pro-resolvent oxylipins have antiproliferative properties, have adaptogenic potential, and can protect the body at the system level, contribu ting to the formation of favorable bacterial clearance. . The results of numerous studies indicate that plants, algae, and even bacteria can be a promising source of oxylipins, both for their use in their native form and for the targeted isolation of oxylipins from them in order to conduct further studies of their adaptogenic potential, cardio- and geroprotective properties. In the future , establishing the adequate daily intake of these substances and the development on their basis of dietary preventive and specialized products for various purposes will be relevant.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Humans; Oxylipins; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 33476493
DOI: 10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10073 -
The FEBS Journal Apr 2011In nearly every living organism, metabolites derived from lipid peroxidation, the so-called oxylipins, are involved in regulating developmental processes as well as... (Review)
Review
In nearly every living organism, metabolites derived from lipid peroxidation, the so-called oxylipins, are involved in regulating developmental processes as well as environmental responses. Among these bioactive lipids, the mammalian and plant oxylipins are the best characterized, and much information about their physiological role and biosynthetic pathways has accumulated during recent years. Although the occurrence of oxylipins and enzymes involved in their biosynthesis has been studied for nearly three decades, knowledge about fungal oxylipins is still scarce as compared with the situation in plants and mammals. However, the research performed so far has shown that the structural diversity of oxylipins produced by fungi is high and, furthermore, that the enzymes involved in oxylipin metabolism are diverse and often exhibit unusual catalytic activities. The aim of this review is to present a synopsis of the oxylipins identified so far in fungi and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis.
Topics: Animals; Fungal Proteins; Fungi; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Lipid Peroxidation; Molecular Structure; Oxylipins; Plants
PubMed: 21281447
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08027.x -
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica Jul 2018Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of mortality. Approximately 18 million people died from CVDs in 2015, representing more than 30% of all... (Review)
Review
Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of mortality. Approximately 18 million people died from CVDs in 2015, representing more than 30% of all global deaths. New diagnostic tools and therapies are eagerly required to decrease the prevalence of CVDs related to mortality and/or risk factors leading to CVDs. Oxylipins are a group of metabolites, generated via oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are involved in inflammation, immunity, and vascular functions, etc. Thus far, over 100 oxylipins have been identified, and have overlapping and interconnected roles. Important CVD pathologies such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, thrombosis, hemostasis and diabetes have been linked to abnormal oxylipin signaling. Oxylipins represent a new era of risk markers and/or therapeutic targets in several diseases including CVDs. The role of many oxylipins in the progression or regression in CVD, however, is still not fully understood. An increased knowledge of the role of these oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular dysfunctions or CVDs including hypertension could possibly lead to the development of biomarkers for the detection and their treatment in the future.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Oxylipins
PubMed: 29877318
DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.24 -
Journal of Basic Microbiology Oct 2023Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism between microorganisms originally found in bacteria. In recent years, an important QS mechanism has been discovered in... (Review)
Review
Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism between microorganisms originally found in bacteria. In recent years, an important QS mechanism has been discovered in the field of fungi, namely, the lipoxygenase compound oxylipin of arachidonic acid acts as a QS molecule in life cycle control, particularly in the sexual and asexual development of fungi. However, the role of oxylipins in mediating eukaryotic communication has not been previously described. In this paper, we review the regulatory role of oxylipins and the underlying mechanisms and discuss the potential for application in major fungi. The role of oxylipin as a fungal quorum-sensing molecule is the main focus of the review. Besides, the quorum regulation of fungal morphological transformation, biofilm formation, virulence factors, secondary metabolism, infection, symbiosis, and other physiological behaviors are discussed. Moreover, future prospectives and applications are elaborated as well.
Topics: Fungi; Oxylipins; Quorum Sensing; Bacteria; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 37357952
DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200721 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2020Oxylipins are derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids and due to their important and diverse functions in the body, they have become a popular subject of studies. The... (Review)
Review
Oxylipins are derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids and due to their important and diverse functions in the body, they have become a popular subject of studies. The main challenge for researchers is their low stability and often very low concentration in samples. Therefore, in recent years there have been developments in the extraction and analysis methods of oxylipins. New approaches in extraction methods were described in our previous review. In turn, the old analysis methods have been replaced by new approaches based on mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC), and the best of these methods allow hundreds of oxylipins to be quantitatively identified. This review presents comparative and comprehensive information on the progress of various methods used by various authors to achieve the best results in the analysis of oxylipins in biological samples.
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Humans; Oxylipins
PubMed: 31952163
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020349 -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia Apr 2014Oxylipins are signaling molecules formed enzymatically or spontaneously from unsaturated fatty acids in all aerobic organisms. Oxylipins regulate growth, development,... (Review)
Review
Oxylipins are signaling molecules formed enzymatically or spontaneously from unsaturated fatty acids in all aerobic organisms. Oxylipins regulate growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli of organisms. The oxylipin biosynthesis pathway in plants includes a few parallel branches named after first enzyme of the corresponding branch as allene oxide synthase, hydroperoxide lyase, divinyl ether synthase, peroxygenase, epoxy alcohol synthase, and others in which various biologically active metabolites are produced. Oxylipins can be formed non-enzymatically as a result of oxygenation of fatty acids by free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Spontaneously formed oxylipins are called phytoprostanes. The role of oxylipins in biotic stress responses has been described in many published works. The role of oxylipins in plant adaptation to abiotic stress conditions is less studied; there is also obvious lack of available data compilation and analysis in this area of research. In this work we analyze data on oxylipins functions in plant adaptation to abiotic stress conditions, such as wounding, suboptimal light and temperature, dehydration and osmotic stress, and effects of ozone and heavy metals. Modern research articles elucidating the molecular mechanisms of oxylipins action by the methods of biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics are reviewed here. Data on the role of oxylipins in stress signal transduction, stress-inducible gene expression regulation, and interaction of these metabolites with other signal transduction pathways in cells are described. In this review the general oxylipin-mediated mechanisms that help plants to adjust to a broad spectrum of stress factors are considered, followed by analysis of more specific responses regulated by oxylipins only under certain stress conditions. New approaches to improvement of plant resistance to abiotic stresses based on the induction of oxylipin-mediated processes are discussed.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Desiccation; Environment; Light; Oxylipins; Plants; Signal Transduction; Temperature
PubMed: 24910209
DOI: 10.1134/S0006297914040051 -
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and... Sep 2020Oxylipins, which are circulating bioactive lipids generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by cyclooxygenase, lipooxygenase and cytochrome P450 enzymes, have... (Review)
Review
Oxylipins, which are circulating bioactive lipids generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by cyclooxygenase, lipooxygenase and cytochrome P450 enzymes, have diverse effects on endothelial cells. Although studies of the effects of oxylipins on endothelial cell function are accumulating, a review that provides a comprehensive compilation of current knowledge and recent advances in the context of vascular homeostasis is lacking. This is the first compilation of the various in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo reports to examine the effects and potential mechanisms of action of oxylipins on endothelial cells. The aggregate data indicate docosahexaenoic acid-derived oxylipins consistently show beneficial effects related to key endothelial cell functions, whereas oxylipins derived from other PUFAs exhibit both positive and negative effects. Furthermore, information is lacking for certain oxylipin classes, such as those derived from α-linolenic acid, which suggests additional studies are required to achieve a full understanding of how oxylipins affect endothelial cells.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Arachidonic Acid; Diet; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Endothelial Cells; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Oxylipins
PubMed: 32717531
DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102160 -
Chembiochem : a European Journal of... Sep 2020Oxylipins constitute a family of oxidized fatty acids, that are well known as tissue hormones in mammals. They contribute to inflammation and its resolution. The major... (Review)
Review
Oxylipins constitute a family of oxidized fatty acids, that are well known as tissue hormones in mammals. They contribute to inflammation and its resolution. The major classes of these lipid mediators are inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) as well as pro-resolving resolvins (Rvs). Understanding their biosynthetic pathways and modes of action is important for anti-inflammatory interventions. Besides mammals, marine algae also biosynthesize mammalian-like oxylipins and thus offer new opportunities for oxylipin research. They provide prolific sources for these compounds and offer unique opportunities to study alternative biosynthetic pathways to the well-known lipid mediators. Herein, we discuss recent findings on the biosynthesis of oxylipins in mammals and algae including an alternative pathway to prostaglandin E , a novel pathway to a precursor of leukotriene B , and the production of resolvins in algae. We evaluate the pharmacological potential of the algal metabolites with implications in health and disease.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Inflammation; Leukotrienes; Molecular Structure; Oxylipins; Phaeophyceae; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 32239741
DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000178 -
American Journal of Physiology. Heart... Nov 2017Oxylipins are a group of fatty acid metabolites generated via oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are involved in processes such as inflammation, immunity,... (Review)
Review
Oxylipins are a group of fatty acid metabolites generated via oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are involved in processes such as inflammation, immunity, pain, vascular tone, and coagulation. As a result, oxylipins have been implicated in many conditions characterized by these processes, including cardiovascular disease and aging. The best characterized oxylipins in relation to cardiovascular disease are derived from the ω-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid. These oxylipins generally increase inflammation, hypertension, and platelet aggregation, although not universally. Similarly, oxylipins derived from the ω-6 fatty acid linoleic acid generally have more adverse than beneficial cardiovascular effects. Alternatively, most oxylipins derived from 20- and 22-carbon ω-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory, antiaggregatory, and vasodilatory effects that help explain the cardioprotective effects of these fatty acids. Much less is known regarding the oxylipins derived from the 18-carbon ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid, but clinical trials with flaxseed supplementation have indicated that these oxylipins can have positive effects on blood pressure. Normal aging also is associated with changes in oxylipin levels in the brain, vasculature, and other tissues, indicating that oxylipin changes with aging may be involved in age-related changes in these tissues. A small number of trials in humans and animals with interventions that contain either 18-carbon or 20- and 22-carbon ω-3 fatty acids have indicated that dietary-induced changes in oxylipins may be beneficial in slowing the changes associated with normal aging. In summary, oxylipins are an important group of molecules amenable to dietary manipulation to target cardiovascular disease and age-related degeneration. Oxylipins are an important group of fatty acid metabolites amenable to dietary manipulation. Because of the role they play in cardiovascular disease and in age-related degeneration, oxylipins are gaining recognition as viable targets for specific dietary interventions focused on manipulating oxylipin composition to control these biological processes.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Humans; Oxylipins
PubMed: 28801523
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00201.2017