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Proteomics Nov 2016Panax ginseng is an important herb that has clear effects on the treatment of diverse diseases. Until now, the natural peptide constitution of this herb remains unclear....
Panax ginseng is an important herb that has clear effects on the treatment of diverse diseases. Until now, the natural peptide constitution of this herb remains unclear. Here, we conduct an extensive characterization of Ginseng peptidome using MS-based data mining and sequencing. The screen on the charge states of precursor ions indicated that Ginseng is a peptide-rich herb in comparison of a number of commonly used herbs. The Ginseng peptides were then extracted and submitted to nano-LC-MS/MS analysis using different fragmentation modes, including CID, high-energy collisional dissociation, and electron transfer dissociation. Further database search and de novo sequencing allowed the identification of total 308 peptides, some of which might have important biological activities. This study illustrates the abundance and sequences of endogenous Ginseng peptides, thus providing the information of more candidates for the screening of active compounds for future biological research and drug discovery studies.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Panax; Peptides; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 27604500
DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600183 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021Among rare earth elements, cerium has the unique ability of regulating the growth of plant cells and the biosynthesis of metabolites at different stages of plant...
Among rare earth elements, cerium has the unique ability of regulating the growth of plant cells and the biosynthesis of metabolites at different stages of plant development. The signal pathways of Ce-mediated ginsenosides biosynthesis in ginseng hairy roots were investigated. At a low concentration, Ce improved the elongation and biomass of hairy roots. The Ce-induced accumulation of ginsenosides showed a high correlation with the reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the biosynthesis of endogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ginsenoside key enzyme genes (, and ). At a Ce concentration of 20 mg L, the total ginsenoside content was 1.7-fold, and the total ginsenosides yield was 2.7-fold that of the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the ROS production rate were significantly higher than those of the control. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly activated within the Ce concentration range of 10 to 30 mg L. The activity of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) strengthened with the increasing concentration of Ce in the range of 20-40 mg L. The Ce exposure induced transient production of superoxide anion (O) and hydrogen peroxide (HO). Together with the increase in the intracellular MeJA level and enzyme activity for lipoxygenase (LOX), there was an increase in the gene expression level of MeJA biosynthesis including , and . Our results also revealed that Ce did not directly influence , and activity. We speculated that Ce-induced ROS production could enhance the accumulation of ginsenosides in ginseng hairy roots via the direct stimulation of enzyme genes for MeJA biosynthesis. This study demonstrates a potential approach for understanding and improving ginsenoside biosynthesis that is regulated by Ce-mediated signal transduction.
Topics: Acetates; Cerium; Cyclopentanes; Ginsenosides; Oxylipins; Panax; Plant Proteins; Plant Roots; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34577094
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185623 -
Journal of Chromatographic Science Jan 2018Ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium L. were determined using developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)...
Ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium L. were determined using developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) method with electrospray ionization and orbitrap MS analyzer in negative ionization mode. Optimal UPLC separation was achieved using a mixture of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase in linear gradient elution. The MS parameters were optimized for reliable detection with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity, and improved identification and quantification of ginsenosides. The applicability of this method was demonstrated on ginsenosides from Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), Panax ginseng (Chinese ginseng) and Panax notoginseng (Sanchi) roots and products. The differences between Chinese and Northern American Panax quinquefolium L., main roots and hair roots, and products from different pharmacy were investigated. The results were also confirmed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminatory analysis. It indicated that the strategy can be extended to rapid and accurate authentication of Panax genus.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Ginsenosides; Least-Squares Analysis; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Panax; Plant Roots; Principal Component Analysis; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 28977419
DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx077 -
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo... Apr 2023Panax notoginseng contains triterpene saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, polysaccharides, volatile oil and other active components, which have the effects of promoting...
Panax notoginseng contains triterpene saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, polysaccharides, volatile oil and other active components, which have the effects of promoting blood circulation, stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis, etc. This study summarized the herbal research, chemical constituents and main pharmacological activities of P. notoginseng, and based on the theory of Q-markers of traditional Chinese medicine, predicted and analyzed the Q-markers of P. notoginseng from the aspects of plant kinship, efficacy, drug properties, measurability of chemical components, etc. It was found that ginsenosides Rg_1, Re, and Rb_1 with specific content ratio, ginsenosides Rb_2, Rb_3, Rc, Rd, Rh_2, and Rg_3, notoginseng R_1, dencichine and quercetin could be used as potential Q-markers of P. notoginseng, which facilitated the formulation of quality standards reflecting the efficacy of P. notoginseng.
Topics: Panax notoginseng; Ginsenosides; Saponins; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Panax
PubMed: 37282894
DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20230213.201 -
Journal of Separation Science Apr 2008In this study, metabolite profiling of five medicinal Panax herbs including Panax ginseng (Chinese ginseng), Panax notoginseng (Sanchi), Panax japonicus (Rhizoma Panacis...
In this study, metabolite profiling of five medicinal Panax herbs including Panax ginseng (Chinese ginseng), Panax notoginseng (Sanchi), Panax japonicus (Rhizoma Panacis Majoris), Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and P. ginseng (Korean ginseng) were performed using ultra-performance LC-quadrupole TOF MS (UPLC-QTOFMS) and multivariate statistical analysis technique. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the analytical data showed that the five Panax herbs could be separated into five different groups of phytochemicals. The chemical markers such as ginsenoside Rf, 20(S)-pseudoginsenoside F11, malonyl gisenoside Rb1, and gisenoside Rb2 accountable for such variations were identified through the loadings plot of PCA, and were identified tentatively by the accurate mass of TOFMS and partially verified by the available reference standards. Results from this study indicate that the proposed method is reliable for the rapid analysis of a group of metabolites present in herbal medicines and other natural products and applicable in the differentiation of complex samples that share similar chemical ingredients.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Structure; Panax; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 18338405
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700650 -
Biomolecules Oct 2020Long-term cultivation of cell lines leads to a decreasing synthesis of the biologically active substances used in traditional medicine. To gain insight into the...
Long-term cultivation of cell lines leads to a decreasing synthesis of the biologically active substances used in traditional medicine. To gain insight into the cellular mechanisms which may influence this process, we analyzed variations within the rDNA cluster of the Oriental ginseng cell lines. The cell lines were cultivated for 6 and 24 years; the number of nucleoli and chromosomes was analyzed. The complete 18S rDNA sequences were cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide polymorphism and phylogenetic relations of the sequences were analyzed, and the secondary structures for separate 18S rRNA regions were modeled. The 18S rDNA accumulated mutations during cell cultivation that correlate well with an increase in the number of chromosomes and nucleoli. The patterns of nucleotide diversity are culture-specific and the increasing polymorphism associates with cytosine methylation sites. The secondary structures of some 18S rRNA regions and their interaction can alter during cultivation. The phylogenetic tree topologies are particular for each cell line.The observed alterations in rDNA clusters are associated with a somaclonal variation, leading to changes in the pattern of intracellular synthesis during cell cultivation. The identified divergent rRNAs could provide additional gene expression regulation in cells by forming heterogeneous ribosomes.
Topics: Cellular Senescence; DNA, Plant; DNA, Ribosomal; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Multigene Family; Panax; Plant Cells
PubMed: 33036123
DOI: 10.3390/biom10101410 -
BMC Plant Biology Aug 2023Panax ginseng is a well-known medicinal plant with several pharmacological uses in China. The trihelix family transcription factors, also known as GT factors, can be...
Genome-wide characterization, evolutionary analysis, and expression pattern analysis of the trihelix transcription factor family and gene expression analysis under MeJA treatment in Panax ginseng.
Panax ginseng is a well-known medicinal plant with several pharmacological uses in China. The trihelix family transcription factors, also known as GT factors, can be involved in the regulation of growth and developmental processes in plants. There have been no in-depth reports or systematic studies about the trihelix transcription factor in ginseng. In this study, the structure, chromosomal localization, gene duplication, phylogeny, functional differentiation, expression patterns and coexpression interactions of trihelix transcripts were analysed using bioinformatics methods based on the ginseng transcriptome database. Thirty-two trihelix transcription factor genes were identified in ginseng, and these genes were alternatively spliced to obtain 218 transcripts. These transcripts were unevenly distributed on different chromosomes of ginseng, and phylogenetic analysis classified the PgGT transcripts into five subgroups. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis classified PgGT transcripts into eight functional subclasses, indicating that they are functionally diverse. The expression pattern analysis of 218 PgGT transcripts revealed that their expression was tissue-specific and spatiotemporally-specific in 14 different tissues of 4-year-old ginseng, 4 different ages of ginseng roots, and 42 farmers' cultivars of 4-year-old ginseng roots. Despite the differences in the expression patterns of these transcripts, coexpression network analysis revealed that these transcripts could be expressed synergistically in ginseng. In addition, two randomly selected PgGT transcripts in each of the five different subfamilies were subjected to methyl jasmonate treatment at different times, and PgGT was able to respond to the regulation of methy1 jasmonate. These results provide a theoretical basis and gene resources for an in-depth study of the function of trihelix genes in other plants.
Topics: Transcription Factors; Phylogeny; Panax; Plant Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 37525122
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04390-w -
Biomedical Chromatography : BMC Nov 2010A superoxide dismutase (SOD) with the molecular weight of 31,079 has been purified as a homodimer from Panax ginseng by employing neutral pH buffer extraction, ammonium...
A superoxide dismutase (SOD) with the molecular weight of 31,079 has been purified as a homodimer from Panax ginseng by employing neutral pH buffer extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, isoelectric point precipitation and ion exchange methods. The enzyme's specific activity determined by an improved Marklund method was 9480.43 U/mg. Metal analysis showed that the SOD contained iron with the stoichiometry of 0.9 ± 0.3 Fe/subunit and exhibited high thermal stability (70 °C) over the pH range from 4.0 to 9.0. Its maximum absorption wavelength was 278 nm and it was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, trichloromethane-ethanol and urea. These results indicate that the enzyme is an iron SOD.
Topics: Chemical Precipitation; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Enzyme Stability; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isoelectric Point; Molecular Weight; Panax; Plant Proteins; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 20954211
DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1428 -
BMC Genomics Jun 2023Panax ginseng is a perennial herb and one of the most widely used traditional medicines in China. During its long growth period, it is affected by various environmental...
BACKGROUND
Panax ginseng is a perennial herb and one of the most widely used traditional medicines in China. During its long growth period, it is affected by various environmental factors. Past studies have shown that growth-regulating factors (GRFs) and GRF-interacting factors (GIFs) are involved in regulating plant growth and development, responding to environmental stress, and responding to the induction of exogenous hormones. However, GRF and GIF transcription factors in ginseng have not been reported.
RESULTS
In this study, 20 GRF gene members of ginseng were systematically identified and found to be distributed on 13 chromosomes. The ginseng GIF gene family has only ten members, which are distributed on ten chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis divided these PgGRFs into six clades and PgGIFs into two clades. In total, 18 of the 20 PgGRFs and eight of the ten PgGIFs are segmental duplications. Most PgGRF and PgGIF gene promoters contain some hormone- and stress- related cis-regulatory elements. Based on the available public RNA-Seq data, the expression patterns of PgGRF and PgGIF genes were analysed from 14 different tissues. The responses of the PgGRF gene to different hormones (6-BA, ABA, GA3, IAA) and abiotic stresses (cold, heat, drought, and salt) were studied. The expression of the PgGRF gene was significantly upregulated under GA3 induction and three weeks of heat treatment. The expression level of the PgGIF gene changed only slightly after one week of heat treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study may be helpful for further study of the function of PgGRF and PgGIF genes and lay a foundation for further study of their role in the growth and development of Panax ginseng.
Topics: Phylogeny; Panax; Transcription Factors; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Hormones; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 37328802
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09435-w -
Planta Medica Apr 1990Panaxynol and ginsenosides Ro, Rg1, and Rg2 were found to be the main antiplatelet components in the diethyl ether and 1-butanol fractions, respectively, during the...
Panaxynol and ginsenosides Ro, Rg1, and Rg2 were found to be the main antiplatelet components in the diethyl ether and 1-butanol fractions, respectively, during the activity-guided fractionation of Panax ginseng, Panaxynol inhibited the aggregation, release reaction, and thromboxane formation in rabbit platelets while ginsenosides Ro, Rg1, and Rg2 suppressed the release reaction only.
Topics: Animals; Panax; Plants, Medicinal; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Rabbits
PubMed: 2353062
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-960916