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Journal of AOAC International 2011Spectral fingerprints of samples of three Panax species (P. quinquefolius L., P. ginseng, and P. notoginseng) were acquired using UV, near-infrared (NIR), and MS. With...
Spectral fingerprints of samples of three Panax species (P. quinquefolius L., P. ginseng, and P. notoginseng) were acquired using UV, near-infrared (NIR), and MS. With principal component analysis, all three methods allowed visual discrimination among the three species. All three methods were able to discriminate between white and red ginseng, and showed distinctive subgroupings of red ginseng related to root quality (age/size). Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the relative variance arising from the species, run, and analytical uncertainty, and was used to identify the most information-rich portions of the spectrum for NIR and UV. Accurate classification of the three species was obtained by using partial least squares-discriminant analysis and a fuzzy rule-building expert system. Relatively poor accuracy was obtained using soft independent modeling of class analogy when a single component was used.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Flow Injection Analysis; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Principal Component Analysis; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
PubMed: 22165005
DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.10-291 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023The quality of products available in the market is threatened by adulteration with different species, such as (), (), and (). In this paper, we established a 2D...
The quality of products available in the market is threatened by adulteration with different species, such as (), (), and (). In this paper, we established a 2D band-selective heteronuclear single quantum coherence (bs-HSQC) NMR method to discriminate species and detect adulteration of . The method involves selective excitation of the anomeric carbon resonance region of saponins and non-uniform sampling (NUS) to obtain high-resolution spectra in less than 10 min. The combined strategy overcomes the signal overlap limitation in H NMR and the long acquisition time in traditional HSQC. The present results showed that twelve well-separated resonance peaks can be assigned in the bs-HSQC spectra, which are of high resolution, good repeatability, and precision. Notably, the identification accuracy of species was found to be 100% for all tests conducted in the present study. Furthermore, in combination with multivariate statistical methods, the proposed method can effectively determine the composition proportion of adulterants (from 10% to 90%). Based on the PLS-DA models, the identification accuracy was greater than 80% when composition proportion of adulterants was 10%. Thus, the proposed method may provide a fast, practical, and effective analysis technique for food quality control or authenticity identification.
Topics: Panax; Panax notoginseng; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Saponins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37298809
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114332 -
Natural Product Research Oct 2022This study is to develop a method for isolation, identification, and quantitative determination of dammarane-type triterpene saponins in the fruits (PNF). The saponins...
This study is to develop a method for isolation, identification, and quantitative determination of dammarane-type triterpene saponins in the fruits (PNF). The saponins were isolated by a serious of chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with those of literature reports. Quantitative assay was performed on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-UV (UPLC-UV) method. As a result, 22 saponins were isolated from the extract of PNF, among them, compound was a new saponin, named as malonylgypenoside IX, compounds -, and were isolated from the PNF for the first time. As to quantitative analysis, the calibration curves showed good linearity ( > 0.998) within the concentration range, and the method validation provided good reproducibility and sensitivity for the quantification of eight major saponins with precision and accuracy of less than 3.0%.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fruit; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Plant Extracts; Reproducibility of Results; Saponins; Triterpenes
PubMed: 34121538
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1938038 -
Annals of Botany Nov 2022Elucidating how plant species respond to variable light conditions is important to understand the ecological adaptation to heterogeneous natural habitats. Plant...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Elucidating how plant species respond to variable light conditions is important to understand the ecological adaptation to heterogeneous natural habitats. Plant performance and its underlying gene regulatory network have been well documented in sun-grown plants. However, the phenotypic and molecular responses of shade-grown plants under variable light conditions have remained largely unclear.
METHODS
We assessed the differences in phenotypic performance between Panax ginseng (shade-grown) and Arabidopsis thaliana (sun-grown) under sunlight, shade and deep-shade conditions. To further address the molecular bases underpinning the phenotypic responses, we compared time-course transcriptomic expression profiling and candidate gene structures between the two species.
KEY RESULTS
Our results show that, compared with arabidopsis, ginseng plants not only possess a lower degree of phenotypic plasticity among the three light conditions, but also exhibit higher photosynthetic efficiency under shade and deep-shade conditions. Further comparisons of the gene expression and structure reveal that differential transcriptional regulation together with increased copy number of photosynthesis-related genes (e.g. electron transfer and carbon fixation) may improve the photosynthetic efficiency of ginseng plants under the two shade conditions. In contrast, the inactivation of phytochrome-interacting factors (i.e. absent and no upregulation of the PIF genes) are potentially associated with the observed low degree of phenotypic plasticity of ginseng plants under variable light conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study provides new insights into how shade-grown plants respond to variable light conditions. Candidate genes related to shade adaptation in ginseng provide valuable genetic resources for future molecular breeding of high-density planting crops.
Topics: Panax; Transcriptome; Light; Arabidopsis; Photosynthesis
PubMed: 35961674
DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac105 -
Journal of Asian Natural Products... Oct 2021Two new dammarane-type triterpenoids, notoginsenoside SY3 () and notoginsenoside SY4 (), were isolated from the steamed roots of . Their structures were determined to be...
Two new dammarane-type triterpenoids, notoginsenoside SY3 () and notoginsenoside SY4 (), were isolated from the steamed roots of . Their structures were determined to be 3, 12, 20()-trihydroxy-27-anordammar-23(24)()-ene-3---D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)--D-glucopyranoside () and 3, 12, 20()-trihydroxy-25-methoxyldammar-23(24)()-ene-3---D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)--D-glucopyranoside () by IR, HRESIMS and NMR experiments.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Saponins; Triterpenes; Dammaranes
PubMed: 33030059
DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1825391 -
Journal of Asian Natural Products... Apr 2021Two new dammarane-type triterpenoids, notoginsenoside SY1 () and notoginsenoside SY2 (), were isolated from the stems and leaves of . Their structures were elucidated to...
Two new dammarane-type triterpenoids, notoginsenoside SY1 () and notoginsenoside SY2 (), were isolated from the stems and leaves of . Their structures were elucidated to be 3, 12-dihydroxy-22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27-hexanordammarane-20-one 3---D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)---D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)---D-glucopyranoside (), 3, 12-dihydroxy-20, 24 -epoxydammar-25-ene 3---D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)---D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)---D-glucopyranoside () by IR, HRESIMS and NMR experiments.[Formula: see text].
Topics: Molecular Structure; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Plant Leaves; Saponins; Triterpenes; Dammaranes
PubMed: 32124646
DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1731801 -
Journal of Plant Physiology Jul 2021Measuring polar auxin transport (PAT) in plants and drawing conclusions from the observed transport data is only meaningful if these data are being analysed with a...
BACKGROUND
Measuring polar auxin transport (PAT) in plants and drawing conclusions from the observed transport data is only meaningful if these data are being analysed with a mathematical model which describes PAT. In this report we studied the polar auxin transport in Panax ginseng stems of different age and grown on different substrates.
METHODS
We measured polar IAA transport in stems using a radio labelled IAA and analysed the transport data with a mathematical model we developed for Arabidopsis.
RESULTS
We found that PAT in ginseng stems, as compared to Arabidopsis inflorescence stems, has a 2-fold lower transport velocity and a 3-fold lower steady state auxin flux.
CONCLUSION
We were able to pinpoint two physiological parameters that influenced the observed transport characteristics in ginseng which differ from Arabidopsis, namely an increase in immobilization together with a reduced reflux of IAA from the surrounding tissue back to the transporting cells.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Biological Transport; Indoleacetic Acids; Panax; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Roots; Plant Stems
PubMed: 34029983
DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153436 -
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica Sep 2008The mating system of Panax ginseng, genetics and ontogenetic structure of its natural populations of Primorye (Russia) were investigated.
AIM
The mating system of Panax ginseng, genetics and ontogenetic structure of its natural populations of Primorye (Russia) were investigated.
METHODS
Genetic diversity was assessed using allozyme and the fluorescently based automated amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers.
RESULTS
Total genetic diversity at species level is low with allozyme assay (0.023), and high with AFLP (0.255) and SSR (0.259) methods. It is observed within populations according to allozyme (> 99%), AFLP (> 85%), and SSR (> 73%) assays. The indices of genetic variability distribution point out the re-colonization of the Sikhote-Alin by ginseng plants from southern refuges during the warming period in the early Holocene. The capability of ginseng plants to cross- and self-pollinate was shown and the assumption that Panax ginseng is a facultative apomictic plant was confirmed. The reproductive system of ginseng possesses high plasticity and stability of the fertilization process that help the species to survive in stress conditions. Disturbances caused by external or internal factors can be reduced due to the morphogenetic potential of ginseng ovule or apomictic embryo development. Analysis of life stages structure of ginseng populations demonstrates that all of them are not full-constituents because some life stages are absent or occur rarely.
CONCLUSION
In all 3 populations, virgin and young generative individuals are predominant. This means that populations studied are viable and the reintroduction of natural ginseng population is possible yet.
Topics: Agriculture; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; Genetic Variation; Panax; Plant Leaves; Pollen; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Russia
PubMed: 18718182
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00866.x -
Biomedical Chromatography : BMC May 2022Although the chemical components of Panax notoginseng (PN) and Panax ginseng (PG) are similar, their bioactivities are different. In this study, the differential...
Although the chemical components of Panax notoginseng (PN) and Panax ginseng (PG) are similar, their bioactivities are different. In this study, the differential bioactivities of PN and PG were used as the research object. First, the different metabolites in the plasma after oral administration of PN and PG were analyzed using a UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics approach. Afterward, the metabolite-target- pathway network of PN and PG was constructed, and thus the pathways related to different bioactivities were analyzed. As a result, 7 different metabolites were identified in PN group, and 10 different metabolites were identified in the PG group. In the PN group, the metabolite N1 was related to hemostasis, N1 and N3 were related to inhibiting the nerve center, antihypertensive, and abirritation. The metabolites N1, N3, N4, N5, and N6 were related to liver protection. The results showed that the metabolites G1, G2, G3, G5, and G6 in PG group were related to heart protection, and G1, G2, G6, and G9 were related to increased blood pressure. There were 13 signaling pathways related to different biological activities of PN (8 pathways) and PG (5 pathways). These pathways further clarified the mechanism of action that caused the different bioactivities between PN and PG. In summary, metabolomics combined with network pharmacology could be helpful to clarify the material basis of different bioactivities between PN and PG, promoting the research on PN and PG.
Topics: Ginsenosides; Metabolomics; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Plasma
PubMed: 35045586
DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5334 -
PloS One 2019We aimed to investigate the effects of genome, age, and soil factors on cultivated Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (CPG) compounds under identical climate and agronomic...
We aimed to investigate the effects of genome, age, and soil factors on cultivated Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (CPG) compounds under identical climate and agronomic practices. Eight populations of CPG from different years and rhizosphere soils were collected from garden and cropland in the city of Ji'an, China. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used to detect genetic diversity and identity, and soil microbial community diversity. Soil enzyme activities and nutrients were also measured. The contents of total ginsenosides (TG), Rg1, Re, Rf, Rd, and ginsenoside extractions of CPG were analyzed by spectrophotometry and HPLC. The relative importance of each factor was analyzed by mathematical methods such as correlation analysis, stepwise line regression, and path analysis. Regression equations of similarity values of HPLC fingerprint (SVHF), richness index of HPLC fingerprint (RIHF) and the TG, Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rd contents with their respective significant correlation factors were obtained. For SVHF, the relative importance is age>microbial community diversity>genetic diversity. For RIHF, the relative importance is age>genetic diversity>microbial community diversity. For TG, Rg1, and Rf contents, the relative importance is age>microbial community diversity. Ginseng age and genetic identity influenced Rd content, and age was more important. Total phosphorus was the only directly negative effect on Re. According to regression equations and path analysis, increasing age and decreasing Shannon (H') could improve the TG, Rg1, and Rf contents, with little effect on SVHF. Adding age, genetic diversity, and decreasing Shannon (H') increased RIHF. Adding age and genetic identity could also improve Rd content. Appropriate decreases in total phosphorus might increase Re content. These findings are significant for CPG scientific cultivation methods, through which CPG bioactive ingredients could be finely controlled via regulation of genotypes and cultural conditions.
Topics: Bacteria; China; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; DNA, Plant; Ginsenosides; Microsatellite Repeats; Molecular Structure; Panax; Phosphorus; Plant Roots; Rhizosphere; Soil; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 31618238
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223763