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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2014Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) is a well-known medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in the oriental countries for centuries. Wild ginseng is a scarce and... (Review)
Review
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) is a well-known medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in the oriental countries for centuries. Wild ginseng is a scarce and rare commodity. Field cultivation of the ginseng plant is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Ginsenosides, a group of glycosylated triterpenes, also known as saponins, are the principal bioactive constituents of ginseng. The use of cell and organ culture processes has been sought as a potential alternative for the efficient mass production of ginseng raw material. Various bioprocessing strategies have been developed to date. Cells and adventitious roots have been cultured in large-scale bioreactors and various strategies have been developed accordingly for the enhancement of biomass and ginsenoside accumulation. This review highlights the recent progress in the cultivation of ginseng cell and organ cultures for the production of ginsenosides from bioreactor cultures. In addition, the metabolism and biochemistry of ginsenoside biosynthesis, genomic and proteomic studies in ginseng, metabolic engineering, biosafety, toxicological evaluation, and efficacy assessment of ginseng raw material are also summarized and thoroughly discussed.
Topics: Bioreactors; Biotechnology; Cell Culture Techniques; Ginsenosides; Panax
PubMed: 24859520
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5801-9 -
International Journal of Biological... May 2020In this paper, a sequential gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry route was proposed for characterization of polysaccharides in Panax ginseng (PG), P....
In this paper, a sequential gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry route was proposed for characterization of polysaccharides in Panax ginseng (PG), P. notoginseng (PN), and P. quinquefolius (PQ). Due to the reflection of stepped structure parameters, the resulting integrative profiles were tentatively defined as structural-fingerprinting of polysaccharides (SFP) with monosaccharide compositional fingerprinting (MCF), Smith degradation and non-degradation fingerprinting (SDF and SNF), and oligosaccharide compositional fingerprinting (OCF). The MCF, OCF and SDF did not allow for visual discrimination of the three species due to the high interspecific similarity of PG and PQ, whereas SNF could intuitively distinguish PG, PN, and PQ by the presence or absence of Rha and the peak area ratio of Glc/Gal. Similarity analysis, heatmap analysis and principal component analysis were further performed to discern three Panax species based on SNF data sets. The linear →4)-Hexp-(1 → structures were clearly identified as the common structural backbones in side chains or smooth regions of the main chain in PPG, PPN, and PPQ using HILIC-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS for characterization of partial acid hydrolyzates. The experimental results displayed that the established SFP approach possesses high comprehensibility as well as satisfactory generalization capability for analysis of plant polysaccharides.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cluster Analysis; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrolysis; Methylation; Molecular Structure; Molecular Weight; Oxidation-Reduction; Panax; Periodic Acid; Polysaccharides; Principal Component Analysis
PubMed: 32088239
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.194 -
Plant Cell Reports Mar 2018The dynamics of metabolites from leaves to roots of Panax ginseng during development has revealed the tissue-specific and year-specific metabolic networks. Being an...
The dynamics of metabolites from leaves to roots of Panax ginseng during development has revealed the tissue-specific and year-specific metabolic networks. Being an essential Oriental medicinal plant, ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a slow-growing perennial herb-accumulating pharmaceutically active metabolites such as ginsenosides in roots during growth. However, little is known about how ginseng plants survive in the harsh environments such as winter cold and summer heat for a longer period and accumulates those active metabolites as the plant grows. To understand the metabolic kinetics in both source and sink organs such as leaves and roots of ginseng plant, respectively, and to assess the changes in ginsenosides biosynthesis during ginseng growth, we investigated the metabolic profiles from leaves and roots of 1-, 4-, and 6-year-old field-grown ginseng plants. Using an integrated non-targeted metabolomic approach, we identified in total 348 primary and secondary metabolites, which provided us for the first time a global metabolomic assessment of ginseng during growth, and morphogenesis. Strikingly, the osmoprotectants and oxidized chemicals were highly accumulated in 4- and 6-year-old ginseng leaves suggested that ginseng develop a wide range of metabolic strategies to adapt unfavorable conditions as they mature. In 6-year-old plants, ginsenosides were decreased in leaves but increased in roots up to 1.2- to sixfold, supporting the view that there is a long-distance transport of ginsenosides from leaves to roots as ginseng plants mature. Our findings provide insights into the metabolic kinetics during the development of ginseng plant and this could complement the pharmacological importance of ginseng and its compounds according to their age.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Kinetics; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolomics; Panax; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 29150823
DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2236-7 -
Canadian Journal of Microbiology Aug 2023Using endophytic fungal elicitors to increase the accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites in plant tissue culture is an effective biotechnology strategy. In this...
Using endophytic fungal elicitors to increase the accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites in plant tissue culture is an effective biotechnology strategy. In this study, a collection of 56 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from different organs of cultivated , of which seven strains can be symbiotically co-cultured with the hairy roots of . Further experiments observed that strain 3R-2, identified as endophytic fungus , can not only infect hairy roots but also promote the accumulation of specific ginsenosides. This was further verified because colonization significantly affected the overall metabolic profile of ginseng hairy roots. By comparing the effects of mycelia and its mycelia extract (EM) on ginsenoside production in hairy roots, the EM was confirmed to be a relatively better stimulus elicitor. Additionally, the introduction of EM elicitor can significantly enhance the expressions of key enzyme genes of , and involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides, which was deemed the most relevant factor for promoting ginsenosides production during the elicitation period. In conclusion, this study is the first to show that the EM of endophytic fungus can be considered as an effective endophytic fungal elicitor for increasing the biosynthesis of ginsenosides in hairy root cultures of .
Topics: Ginsenosides; Panax; Schizophyllum; Coculture Techniques; Plant Roots
PubMed: 37084415
DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0194 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Oct 2019Panax ginseng seeds have strong dormancy and a prolonged germination period in comparison to other seeds; thus, it is a great challenge to propagate ginseng. Seed...
BACKGROUND
Panax ginseng seeds have strong dormancy and a prolonged germination period in comparison to other seeds; thus, it is a great challenge to propagate ginseng. Seed longevity is closely associated with germination rate and viability, so we assumed that if a seed loses its viability, specific metabolic alterations regarding plant growth factors might occur. In this study, we divided ginseng seeds into normal and accelerated-aging groups. Both groups were treated with gibberellic acid, which is one of the most important plant-growth regulators. Afterward, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the samples, to identify the metabolic alterations between the two groups.
RESULTS
Forty-four endogenous metabolites in normal and accelerated aging groups were putatively identified. To determine the differential significance of these metabolites, t-tests and fold-change analysis were conducted followed by principal component analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis to determine the metabolites that showed distinct responses between the groups. Among the differentially expressed metabolites (P value < 0.05 and FDR < 0.1), nine metabolites were selected as potential biomarker candidates for the prediction of seed longevity.
CONCLUSION
Nine metabolites related to ginseng seed longevity were identified by comparing metabolomes. Our findings suggest that ginseng propagation can be facilitated by the regulation of these distinctive metabolic features of the seeds. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Discriminant Analysis; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Germination; Gibberellins; Least-Squares Analysis; Metabolomics; Panax; Plant Extracts; Plant Growth Regulators; Seeds
PubMed: 31250437
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9887 -
Protoplasma Jul 2016Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a valued medicinal herb, is a slow-growing plant that flowers after 3 years of growth with the formation of a solitary terminal umbel...
Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a valued medicinal herb, is a slow-growing plant that flowers after 3 years of growth with the formation of a solitary terminal umbel inflorescence. However, little is known about cytological events during ginseng reproduction, such as the development of the male organ, the stamen. To better understand the mechanism controlling ginseng male reproductive development, here, we investigated the inflorescence and flower structure of ginseng. Moreover, we performed cytological analysis of anther morphogenesis and showed the common and specialized cytological events including the formation of four concentric cell layers surrounding male reproductive cells followed by subsequent cell differentiation and degeneration of tapetal cells, as well as the formation of mature pollen grains via meiosis and mitosis during ginseng anther development. Particularly, our transverse section and microscopic observations showed that the ginseng tapetal layer exhibits obvious nonsynchronous cell division evidenced by the observation of one or two tapetal layers frequently observed in one anther lobe, suggesting the unique control of cell division. To facilitate the future study on ginseng male reproduction, we grouped the anther development into 10 developmental stages according to the characterized cytological events.
Topics: Flowers; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Panax; Pollen
PubMed: 26277352
DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0869-3 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Jun 2023The market demand for Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) is growing rapidly because of its useful properties in food and medicine. However, the frequent adulteration of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
The market demand for Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) is growing rapidly because of its useful properties in food and medicine. However, the frequent adulteration of P. notoginseng seriously affects the health of consumers and is a great challenge to food safety. In this study, low- and high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF/HF-NMR) were applied to detect the transverse relaxation distribution of P. notoginseng contaminated with different ratios of Caulis clematidis armandii (CCA) and the components in P. notoginseng and CCA, respectively.
RESULTS
Fifty-seven kinds of major and minor components in P. notoginseng and CCA were identified and quantified from their high-resolution NMR spectra, and there were significant differences in ginsenosides, sucrose, and glucose between P. notoginseng and CCA. Furthermore, the partial least squares regression analysis results indicated that LF-NMR parameters (T and S ) changed linearly as the ratio of CCA increased, and these changes were attributed to the variations in polysaccharide and sucrose in adulterated P. notoginseng.
CONCLUSION
In the relaxation time-based pattern recognition models, the authentic P. notoginseng powder could be classified with 100% accuracy from adulterated P. notoginseng when the adulteration ratio was greater than 30%, demonstrating the possibility of LF-NMR, in combination with pattern recognition, for rapid discrimination of food authenticity. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Ginsenosides; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Powders; Sucrose
PubMed: 36222712
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12264 -
Genes Mar 2021Chinese ginseng ( C. A. Meyer) is a highly cherished traditional Chinese medicine, with several confirmed medical effects and many more asserted health-boosting...
Chinese ginseng ( C. A. Meyer) is a highly cherished traditional Chinese medicine, with several confirmed medical effects and many more asserted health-boosting functions. Somatic chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of many types of human cancers and also related to other pathogenic conditions such as miscarriages and intellectual disabilities, hence, the study of this phenomenon is of wide scientific and translational medical significance. CIN also ubiquitously occurs in cultured plant cells, and is implicated as a major cause of the rapid decline/loss of totipotency with culture duration, which represents a major hindrance to the application of transgenic technologies in crop improvement. Here, we report two salient features of long-term cultured callus cells of ginseng, i.e., high chromosomal stability and virtually immortalized totipotency. Specifically, we document that our callus of ginseng, which has been subcultured for 12 consecutive years, remained highly stable at the chromosomal level and showed little decline in totipotency. We show that these remarkable features of cultured ginseng cells are likely relevant to the robust homeostasis of the transcriptional expression of specific genes (i.e., genes related to tissue totipotency and chromosomal stability) implicated in the manifestation of these two complex phenotypes. To our knowledge, these two properties of ginseng have not been observed in any animals (with respect to somatic chromosomal stability) and other plants. We posit that further exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique properties of ginseng, especially somatic chromosomal stability in protracted culture duration, may provide novel clues to the mechanistic understanding of the occurrence of CIN in human disease.
Topics: Chromosomal Instability; Chromosomes, Plant; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Panax; Plant Proteins; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Time Factors; Tissue Culture Techniques
PubMed: 33807422
DOI: 10.3390/genes12040514 -
Journal of Natural Medicines Sep 2023Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha and Grushv., Araliaceae) is indigenous in the central highlands of Vietnam and the southernmost distribution in the Panax...
Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha and Grushv., Araliaceae) is indigenous in the central highlands of Vietnam and the southernmost distribution in the Panax genus. Like other ginseng, Vietnamese ginseng is well known has been used as a tonic and for management of certain diseases in the traditional medicine. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that in respect to the long history in use and systematic studied on Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), Japanese ginseng (P. japonicus), and Chinese ginseng (P. notoginseng), the up-to-date published database on Vietnamese ginseng is relatively much less extensive. In our ongoing research on the promising Vietnamese medicinal plants, the present phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Panax vietnamensis led to the isolation of three compounds (1-3), including a new indole alkaloid N-glycoside (1) and two known compounds. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive physiochemical and chemical methods, especially the interpretation of NMR and MS spectra. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined based on the comparison of its experimental and theoretical ECD spectra along with NMR calculation. Compound 1 is naturally isolated N-glycoside, which is rarely found in natural products. The isolated compounds showed weak or no inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE).
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Glucosides; Panax; Plant Leaves; Vietnam
PubMed: 37432537
DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01728-4 -
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo... Nov 2016There are many valuable medicinal plants in Ginseng genus belonging to Araliaceae. Among them, Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolium and P. notoginseng are the most famous... (Review)
Review
There are many valuable medicinal plants in Ginseng genus belonging to Araliaceae. Among them, Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolium and P. notoginseng are the most famous species. With the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, sequencing and analysis of transcriptomes have become powerful tools for discovery of novel genes, screening molecular markers and elucidation of specific biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites. Their transcriptomes provided abundant genes for further study on functional genomics. Here this paper summarized the recent advances in the transcriptomic studies of these three medicinal plants, including discovery of novel genes and elucidation of metabolic regulation, which will contribute to functional genomics in ginseng species.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Panax; Plants, Medicinal; Transcriptome
PubMed: 28933079
DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20162209