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International Journal of Biological... May 2020The purpose of present work was to investigate the antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and cultivated ginseng (CG). The...
The purpose of present work was to investigate the antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and cultivated ginseng (CG). The antioxidant activity of total oligosaccharides from MCG and CG were compared preliminary. And then, the total oligosaccharides of MCG, which displayed stronger activity than that of CG, were separated by Carbon-Celite column and eluted with water and ethanol of different concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%, 95%, v/v). Five fractions, MCGOS-HO, MCGOS-30, MCGOS-50, MCGOS-70, MCGOS-95, were obtained. Seven oligosaccharides were purified from MCGOS-30-MCGOS-95. The structure features of oligosaccharides (MCGO-1-MCGO-7) were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), methylation and gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS), as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ABTS radical scavenging assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power assay were adopted for antioxidant activity of all the different oligosaccharides sub-fraction. The result showed that the fractions of MCGOS-70 and MCGOS-95 exhibited significant radical scavenging activity with DPPH and ABTS. In conclusion, the oligosaccharides from MCG possessed the significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, we propose that the oligosaccharides from Panax ginseng can be developed as natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical fields.
Topics: Free Radical Scavengers; Oligosaccharides; Panax
PubMed: 32027898
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.016 -
Acta Virologica 2019Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a valuable herb that is widely cultivated in Korea, China, and Japan because it contains a variety of pharmacologically active substances with...
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a valuable herb that is widely cultivated in Korea, China, and Japan because it contains a variety of pharmacologically active substances with a wide range of positive effects on human health. Identification and prevention of disease-causing viral pathogens of ginseng is important for improving the yield and quality of ginseng-derived bioactive molecules. In this study, the genome sequence of the virus Panax ginseng flexivirus 1 (PgFV1) was identified from a ginseng root transcriptome data set. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that PgFV1 is a novel plant RNA virus species of the genus Foveavirus (the family Betaflexiviridae). Foveaviruses have flexuous and filamentous virions with a single-stranded positive-sense mono-segmented RNA genome. Its infection causes diseases with mosaic and ringspot symptoms in the stems and leaves. The PgFV1 genome encodes for 5 open reading frames: a replicase polyprotein for viral genome replication, 3 triple gene block proteins for viral cell-to-cell movement, and coat protein. Phylogenetic trees inferred from replicase polyprotein or coat protein sequences showed that PgFV1 is most closely related to grapevine virus T. PgFV1 is the first foveavirus identified to be associated with ginseng. Given the potential pathogenic features of previously known foveaviruses and importance of ginseng in the health industry, the PgFV1 genome sequence may be highly useful for studying ginseng foveaviruses. Keywords: ginseng; Panax ginseng flexivirus 1; Foveavirus; Betaflexiviridae.
Topics: China; Flexiviridae; Panax; Phylogeny; Plant Roots; Plant Viruses; Species Specificity
PubMed: 31230444
DOI: 10.4149/av_2019_204 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2013The natural formation of the bioactive C17-polyacetylenes (-)-(R)-panaxynol and panaxydol was analyzed by 13C-labeling experiments. For this purpose, plants of Panax...
The natural formation of the bioactive C17-polyacetylenes (-)-(R)-panaxynol and panaxydol was analyzed by 13C-labeling experiments. For this purpose, plants of Panax ginseng were supplied with 13CO2 under field conditions or, alternatively, sterile root cultures of P. ginseng were supplemented with [U-13C6]glucose. The polyynes were isolated from the labeled roots or hairy root cultures, respectively, and analyzed by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. The same mixtures of eight doubly 13C-labeled isotopologues and one single labeled isotopologue were observed in the C17-polyacetylenes obtained from the two experiments. The polyketide-type labeling pattern is in line with the biosynthetic origin of the compounds via decarboxylation of fatty acids, probably of crepenynic acid. The 13C-study now provides experimental evidence for the biosynthesis of panaxynol and related polyacetylenes in P. ginseng under in planta conditions as well as in root cultures. The data also show that 13CO2 experiments under field conditions are useful to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of metabolites, including those from roots.
Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diynes; Fatty Alcohols; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Panax; Plant Roots; Polyynes
PubMed: 23884121
DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077686 -
Planta Medica Mar 2001A three-step procedure for complete plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis has been developed in Panax sikkimensis. Somatic embryos (SE) were induced in root...
A three-step procedure for complete plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis has been developed in Panax sikkimensis. Somatic embryos (SE) were induced in root callus upon lowering the level of 2,4-D from 1.0 mg/l to 0.25 mg/l in the callusing medium. Maturation of SE occurred on a half-strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/l each of BAP and GA3. An exposure for 15 days of cotyledonary and heart-shaped SE to 1.0 mg/l IBA in liquid shake 1/2 MS medium significantly improved the rate of embryo-to-plantlet conversion and plantlet quality. The procedure has now allowed the retention of high regeneration potential of the root callus for over three years.
Topics: Organ Culture Techniques; Panax; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plant Stems; Plants, Medicinal; Regeneration
PubMed: 11301874
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-11506 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Dec 2001For many many thousand years, mankind has been using various plants as nutrient, beverage, cosmetics, dye and medicine to maintain health and to improve quality of life....
For many many thousand years, mankind has been using various plants as nutrient, beverage, cosmetics, dye and medicine to maintain health and to improve quality of life. In Aisa, particularly, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is considered to be the most precious plant among herbs, and ginseng has been in the spotlight worldwide. Even in the Western world, where there are greatly advanced research facilities and highly qualified man-power available, and are regarded to be capable of conquering any hard-to-cure ailments, many peoples has recently been reported to use herbal medicine, particularly ginseng. In the present compilation of papers, many scientists contributed papers pertaining to "Chemopreventive effects of ginseng". In order to facilitate the readers understand easier and better, I catalogued this collection as follows: The spiritual nature of ginseng in the Far East, the history of ginseng, nomenclature and geographical distribution of ginseng, and type of ginseng products.
Topics: Asia, Eastern; Humans; Panax; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 11748372
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S3 -
Biomolecules Feb 2020Asian ginseng () and American ginseng ( L.) are the two most important ginseng species for their medicinal properties. Ginseng is not only popular to consume, but is... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Asian ginseng () and American ginseng ( L.) are the two most important ginseng species for their medicinal properties. Ginseng is not only popular to consume, but is also increasingly popular to cultivate. In the North Island of New Zealand, Asian ginseng and American ginseng have been grown in Taupo and Rotorua for more than 15 years. There are no publications comparing the chemical constituents between New Zealand-grown Asian ginseng (NZPG) and New Zealand-grown American ginseng (NZPQ). In this study, fourteen ginsenoside reference standards and LC-MS technology were employed to analyze the ginsenoside components of various parts (fine root, rhizome, main root, stem, and leaf) from NZPG and NZPQ. Fifty and 43 ginsenosides were identified from various parts of NZPG and NZPQ, respectively, and 29 ginsenosides were found in both ginseng species. Ginsenoside concentrations in different parts of ginsengs were varied. Compared to other tissues, the fine roots contained the most abundant ginsenosides, not only in NZPG (142.49 ± 1.14 mg/g) but also in NZPQ (115.69 ± 3.51 mg/g). For the individual ginsenosides of both NZPG and NZPQ, concentration of Rb1 was highest in the underground parts (fine root, rhizome, and main root), and ginsenoside Re was highest in the aboveground parts (stem and leaf).
Topics: Forests; Ginsenosides; New Zealand; Panax; Plant Roots; Species Specificity
PubMed: 32121159
DOI: 10.3390/biom10030372 -
Public Health Nutrition Dec 2000Ginseng (Panax ginseng, C.A. Meyer) has been a popular herbal remedy used in eastern Asian cultures for thousands of years. In North America, the ginseng species... (Review)
Review
Ginseng (Panax ginseng, C.A. Meyer) has been a popular herbal remedy used in eastern Asian cultures for thousands of years. In North America, the ginseng species indigenous to both Canada and the United States (Panax quinquefolium) represents an important industry for both domestic and export markets. There are numerous theories and claims describing the efficacy of ginseng, which can combat stress, enhance both the central and immune systems and contribute towards maintaining optimal oxidative status against certain chronic disease states and aging. Risk issues concerning the safety of ginseng at recommended dosages are less prominent and scientifically based. While some epidemiological or clinical studies have reported indications of efficacy for specific health benefits or potential toxicity, there are an equal number of studies that provide contradictory evidence. This situation has led to questionable conclusions concerning specific health benefits or risks associated with ginseng. Recent advances in the development of standardized extracts for both Panax ginseng (G-115) and Panax quinquefolius (CNT-2000) have and will continue to assist in the assessment of efficacy and safety standards for ginseng products. This paper reviews the scientific literature and evidence for ginseng efficacy and safety derived mostly from in vitro and animal studies and places emphasis on the need for more randomized, double-blinded, placebo clinical studies that can provide unequivocal conclusions. An example of the efficacy and safety of ginseng is provided with the description of biological activity of a North American ginseng extract (NAGE), which includes illustrating mechanisms for antioxidant activity without prooxidant properties.
Topics: Antioxidants; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Panax; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; Safety; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 11276295
DOI: 10.1017/s1368980000000550 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Genes are the keys to deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying a biological trait and designing approaches desirable for plant genetic improvement. Ginseng is an...
Genes are the keys to deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying a biological trait and designing approaches desirable for plant genetic improvement. Ginseng is an important medicinal herb in which ginsenosides have been shown to be the major bioactive component; however, only a few genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis have been cloned through orthologue analysis. Here, we report the identification of 21 genes controlling Rb1 biosynthesis by stepwise ginseng transcriptome and Rb1 content integrated analysis. We first identified the candidate genes for Rb1 biosynthesis by integrated analysis of genes with the trait from four aspects, including gene transcript differential expression between highest- and lowest-Rb1 content cultivars, gene transcript expression-Rb1 content correlation, and biological impacts of gene mutations on Rb1 content, followed by the gene transcript co-expression network. Twenty-two candidate genes were identified, of which 21 were functionally validated for Rb1 biosynthesis by gene regulation, genetic transformation, and mutation analysis. These genes were strongly correlated in expression with the previously cloned genes encoding key enzymes for Rb1 biosynthesis. Based on the correlations, a pathway for Rb1 biosynthesis was deduced to indicate the roles of the genes in Rb1 biosynthesis. Moreover, the genes formed a strong co-expression network with the previously cloned Rb1 biosynthesis genes, and the variation in the network was associated with the variation in the Rb1 content. These results indicate that Rb1 biosynthesis is a process of correlative interactions among Rb1 biosynthesis genes. Therefore, this study provides new knowledge, 21 new genes, and 96 biomarkers for Rb1 biosynthesis useful for enhanced research and breeding in ginseng.
Topics: Panax; Ginsenosides; Transcriptome; Plant Breeding; Phenotype
PubMed: 36430494
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214016 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2018Ginsenosides are dammarane-type or triterpenoidal saponins that contribute to the various pharmacological activities of the medicinal herb Panax ginseng. The putative...
Ginsenosides are dammarane-type or triterpenoidal saponins that contribute to the various pharmacological activities of the medicinal herb Panax ginseng. The putative biosynthetic pathway for ginsenoside biosynthesis is known in P. ginseng, as are some of the transcripts and enzyme-encoding genes. However, few genes related to the UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), enzymes that mediate glycosylation processes in final saponin biosynthesis, have been identified. Here, we generated three replicated Illumina RNA-Seq datasets from the adventitious roots of P. ginseng cultivar Cheongsun (CS) after 0, 12, 24, and 48 h of treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Using the same CS cultivar, metabolomic data were also generated at 0 h and every 12-24 h thereafter until 120 h of MeJA treatment. Differential gene expression, phylogenetic analysis, and metabolic profiling were used to identify candidate UGTs. Eleven candidate UGTs likely to be involved in ginsenoside glycosylation were identified. Eight of these were considered novel UGTs, newly identified in this study, and three were matched to previously characterized UGTs in P. ginseng. Phylogenetic analysis further asserted their association with ginsenoside biosynthesis. Additionally, metabolomic analysis revealed that the newly identified UGTs might be involved in the elongation of glycosyl chains of ginsenosides, especially of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Ginsenosides; Panax; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins; Sapogenins
PubMed: 30082711
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30262-7 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2018The quality assessment and discrimination of Panax herbs are very challenging to perform due to the complexity and variability of their chemical compositions. An...
The quality assessment and discrimination of Panax herbs are very challenging to perform due to the complexity and variability of their chemical compositions. An integrated strategy was established using UHPLC-Q-Exactive/HRMS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS to achieve an accurate, rapid, and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of (PJ), var. major (PM), and (PZ). Additionally, discrimination among the three species was explored with partial least squares⁻discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares⁻discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plots. A total of 101 compounds were plausibly or unambiguously identified, including 82 from PJ, 78 from PM, and 67 from PZ. Among them, 16 representative ginsenosides were further quantified in three herbs. A clear discrimination between the three species was observed through a multivariate statistical analysis on the quantitative data. Nine compounds that allowed for discrimination between PJ, PM, and PZ were discovered. Notably, ginsenoside Rf (G-Rf), ginsenoside F3 (G-F3), and chikusetsu saponin IV (CS-IV) were the three most important differential compounds. The research indicated that the integrated LC-MS-based strategy can be applied for the quality assessment and discrimination of the three Panax herbs.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Ginsenosides; Limit of Detection; Molecular Structure; Panax; Phytochemicals; Plant Roots; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 30445785
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112988