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The Journal of General Virology Apr 2017Subclinical oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that persists for decades is likely to precede an HPV-driven squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, but... (Review)
Review
Subclinical oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that persists for decades is likely to precede an HPV-driven squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, but little is known about the natural history of oral HPV. We systematically reviewed and abstracted data from nine manuscripts that examined human immunodeficiency virus-negative and cancer-free subjects for oral HPV DNA to determine the pooled baseline prevalence and incidence of newly acquired oral HPV infections, and specifically for HPV-16. We also documented the clearance rate and the median time to clearance, where data existed. Of 3762 individuals, 7.5 % had an oral infection with any HPV type (1.6 % for HPV-16). Meta-regression analysis estimated the 12-month cumulative incidence to be 4.8 % (95 % confidence interval 3.2-7.3 %). The overall oral HPV clearance was reported to be 0-80 % between studies, and the median time to clearance from 6.5 to 18 months. Oral HPV-16 clearance was 43-83 %, and median time to clearance for HPV-16 was 7-22 months. Oral HPV prevalence, incidence and clearance vary considerably between published studies from different geographical regions. Further research is required to identify predictors of persistent oral HPV infection. Measurable baseline prevalence was observed in all studies, as well as non-trivial incidence of newly acquired oral HPV infections and incomplete clearance.
Topics: DNA, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Incidence; Mouth Diseases; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Prevalence
PubMed: 28150575
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000727 -
Viruses May 2015Persistent infections with a high-risk type human papillomavirus (hrHPV) can progress to cancer. High-risk HPVs infect keratinocytes (KCs) and successfully suppress host... (Review)
Review
Persistent infections with a high-risk type human papillomavirus (hrHPV) can progress to cancer. High-risk HPVs infect keratinocytes (KCs) and successfully suppress host immunity for up to two years despite the fact that KCs are well equipped to detect and initiate immune responses to invading pathogens. Viral persistence is achieved by active interference with KCs innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. To this end hrHPV utilizes proteins encoded by its viral genome, as well as exploits cellular proteins to interfere with signaling of innate and adaptive immune pathways. This results in impairment of interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine production and subsequent immune cell attraction, as well as resistance to incoming signals from the immune system. Furthermore, hrHPV avoids the killing of infected cells by interfering with antigen presentation to antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Thus, hrHPV has evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid detection and clearance by both the innate and adaptive immune system, the molecular mechanisms of which will be dealt with in detail in this review.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Keratinocytes; Papillomaviridae; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26008697
DOI: 10.3390/v7052485 -
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Mar 1989
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; RNA, Viral; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Viruses
PubMed: 2544331
DOI: 10.1097/00003081-198903000-00017 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2012Papillomaviruses are a diverse group of DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucosal tissues of vertebrates. More than 100 distinct human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes... (Review)
Review
Papillomaviruses are a diverse group of DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucosal tissues of vertebrates. More than 100 distinct human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes have so far been identified. A subset of HPVs is known to cause human cancer. Although recently developed vaccines protect vaccinated individuals from the two most carcinogenic HPV types, there is a pressing need for next-generation vaccines that might offer broad-spectrum protection against the full range of cancer-causing HPVs. The ongoing development of such vaccines will be facilitated by a deeper understanding of the mechanics of the assembly of the nonenveloped papillomavirus virion, as well as the machine-like structural changes that occur in the virion during the process of infectious entry into host cells. This chapter reviews the field's current knowledge of these two aspects of papillomavirus biology and speculates about areas where further work is needed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Models, Molecular; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Protein Conformation; Viral Proteins; Virion
PubMed: 22297524
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0980-9_18 -
Current Problems in Dermatology 2014Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with benign lesions known as warts and several cancer types including cancer of the cervix, penis, anus and oral cavity.... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with benign lesions known as warts and several cancer types including cancer of the cervix, penis, anus and oral cavity. HPVs are classified by their oncogenic potential and are divided into high-risk oncogenic HPVs and low-risk HPVs. Tissue tropism is used as another means of classifying the virus, and HPVs are divided into types that infect mucosal or cutaneous tissues. Several risk factors have been identified that elevate an individual's likelihood of becoming infected with HPV including cigarette smoking, a large number of lifetime sexual partners and immunosuppression. Most HPV infections are cleared naturally, although persistent infection with oncogenic HPV types can lead to the cancers mentioned above. HPV has employed several mechanisms to avoid detection by the host immune system. Virus is released along with shedding skin cells in a nonlytic manner, and the virus has an altered codon usage leading to reduced expression of viral proteins. Infections from high-risk oncogenic HPV types that progress cause neoplasias that are defined as CIN1-CIN3 depending on the amount of abnormal cell growth and the level of cellular differentiation.
Topics: Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Risk Factors; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 24643177
DOI: 10.1159/000355963 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Apr 2007A vaccine to prevent infection by human papillomavirus is available in the US. This article reviews the biology of human papillomavirus that allows for the development... (Review)
Review
A vaccine to prevent infection by human papillomavirus is available in the US. This article reviews the biology of human papillomavirus that allows for the development of both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines. Issues that may delay the acceptance of the vaccine are discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Incidence; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 17373899
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.4.479 -
Archives of Virology Nov 2006Papillomaviruses (PVs) are simple double-strand DNA viruses whose virion shells are T = 7 icosahedrons and composed of major capsid protein L1 and minor capsid protein... (Review)
Review
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are simple double-strand DNA viruses whose virion shells are T = 7 icosahedrons and composed of major capsid protein L1 and minor capsid protein L2.L1 alone or together with L2 can self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) when expressed in eukaryotic or prokaryotic expression systems. Although the VLPs lack the virus genome DNA, their morphological and immunological characteristics are very similar to those of nature papillomaviruses. PV VLP vaccination can induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies and can effectively protect animals or humans from PV infection. Moreover, PV VLPs have been good candidates for vehicles to deliver epitopes or genes to target cells. They are widely used in the fields of vaccine development, neutralizing antibody detection, basic virologic research on papillomaviruses, and human papillomavirus (HPV) screening. Besides the structural biology and immunological basis for PV VLPs used as vehicles to deliver epitopes or genes, this review details the latest findings on chimeric papillomavirus VLPs and papillomavirus pseudoviruses, which are two important forms of PV VLPs used to transfer epitopes or genes.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cattle; Female; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Mice; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Viral Proteins; Virion
PubMed: 16791442
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0798-8 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Dec 1999Productive infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV) is dependent upon the differentiation of the host cell. Following entry into basal epithelial cells, HPV genomes are... (Review)
Review
Productive infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV) is dependent upon the differentiation of the host cell. Following entry into basal epithelial cells, HPV genomes are established as autonomous replicating extrachromosomal elements and a low level of HPV expression occurs. Upon differentiation of infected cells, productive replication and expression of capsid genes is induced resulting in the synthesis of progeny virions. Evidence from immunosuppressed patients as well as individuals with recurring laryngeal papillomatosis suggest that certain HPV types can exist in a latent state. In latently infected cells, HPV DNA may be present but no differentiation-dependent synthesis of virions occurs. The presence of a latent state for HPVs can be a determining factor in the effectiveness of therapeutic methods for treatment of infections.
Topics: Humans; Papillomaviridae; Virus Latency
PubMed: 10712884
DOI: 10.1006/scbi.1999.0141 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jul 2015Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant etiological factor and an important prognosticator in cervical cancer. Indeed, researchers worldwide have confirmed... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant etiological factor and an important prognosticator in cervical cancer. Indeed, researchers worldwide have confirmed these roles for high-risk HVPs in over 70% of cervical cancer cases. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 561,200 new cancer cases (5.2% of all new cancers) are attributed to HPV infection. Over 120 types of HPV are classified further as either low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) or high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) based on their oncological potential of transforming cells. The LR-HPV types cause benign hyperproliferative lesions (i.e. genital warts) while the HR-HPV types are strongly associated with premalignant and malignant cervical lesions. Data on the prevalence of HPV, survival of infected patients, and mortality rate are scarce in Saudi Arabia. The unsubstantiated assumption of a low prevalence of HPV in Saudi Arabia has contributed to limiting HPV research in this conservative country. Therefore, the goal of this review is to shed light on the current HPV research being conducted and the prevalence of HPV in Saudi Arabia.
Topics: Female; Genotype; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Prevalence; Saudi Arabia; Survival Analysis; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 26142665
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.6538 -
Advances in Virus Research 2008Papillomaviruses establish persistent infection in the dividing, basal epithelial cells of the host. The viral genome is maintained as a circular, double-stranded DNA,... (Review)
Review
Papillomaviruses establish persistent infection in the dividing, basal epithelial cells of the host. The viral genome is maintained as a circular, double-stranded DNA, extrachromosomal element within these cells. Viral genome amplification occurs only when the epithelial cells differentiate and viral particles are shed in squames that are sloughed from the surface of the epithelium. There are three modes of replication in the papillomavirus life cycle. Upon entry, in the establishment phase, the viral genome is amplified to a low copy number. In the second maintenance phase, the genome replicates in dividing cells at a constant copy number, in synchrony with the cellular DNA. And finally, in the vegetative or productive phase, the viral DNA is amplified to a high copy number in differentiated cells and is destined to be packaged in viral capsids. This review discusses the cis elements and protein factors required for each stage of papillomavirus replication.
Topics: DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Virus Replication
PubMed: 19081491
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)00404-1