-
Virology Oct 2013We provide an overview of the host range, taxonomic classification and genomic diversity of animal papillomaviruses. The complete genomes of 112 non-human papillomavirus... (Review)
Review
We provide an overview of the host range, taxonomic classification and genomic diversity of animal papillomaviruses. The complete genomes of 112 non-human papillomavirus types, recovered from 54 different host species, are currently available in GenBank. The recent characterizations of reptilian papillomaviruses extend the host range of the Papillomaviridae to include all amniotes. Although the genetically diverse papillomaviruses have a highly conserved genomic lay-out, deviations from this prototypic genome organization are observed in several animal papillomaviruses, and only the core ORFs E1, E2, L2 and L1 are present in all characterized papillomavirus genomes. The discovery of papilloma-polyoma hybrids BPCV1 and BPCV2, containing a papillomaviral late region but an early region encoding typical polyomaviral nonstructural proteins, and the detection of recombination breakpoints between the early and late coding regions of cetacean papillomaviruses, could indicate that early and late gene cassettes of papillomaviruses are relatively independent entities that can be interchanged by recombination.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Viral; Genetic Variation; Host Specificity; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 23711385
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.007 -
Prevalence and incidence of human papillomavirus infection in women in the USA: a systematic review.International Journal of STD & AIDS Aug 2005A systematic review of studies published in the last decade was conducted to summarize data on the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the USA. A structured... (Review)
Review
A systematic review of studies published in the last decade was conducted to summarize data on the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the USA. A structured protocol was used to screen studies for review. Studies had to meet the following criteria: (1) the study was conducted in the USA, (2) the study population was predominantly adolescent women, (3) the description of the study's methodological and statistical methods is provided, and (4) the prevalence and/or incidence of HPV were clearly stated. The prevalence of HPV reported in the assessed studies ranged from 14% to more than 90%. The highest prevalence of HPV was identified among women attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics and college students, identifying them as target populations for prevention interventions. Conversely, the lowest HPV prevalence was among women in the general population. The review also revealed that HPV prevalence in African Americans is understudied, and the results of a few studies in this area are inconclusive.
Topics: Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Prevalence; United States
PubMed: 16105186
DOI: 10.1258/0956462054679214 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Oct 1990Papillomavirus infection was confirmed in 2 Persian cats with sessile hyperkeratotic skin lesions. Skin lesions were not typical papillomas as found in other species....
Papillomavirus infection was confirmed in 2 Persian cats with sessile hyperkeratotic skin lesions. Skin lesions were not typical papillomas as found in other species. Papillomavirus were demonstrated in negative stain preparations of homogenized tissue and within nuclei of cells in the stratum granulosum. Papillomavirus group-specific antigens were detected within nuclei corresponding to those containing virions. Attempts to transmit this disease to other cats or propagate the virus in tissue cultures were unsuccessful. A 7.8-kilobase DNA molecule was present in low-stringency Southern blots using a bovine papillomavirus type 1 cloned DNA probe. In reverse Southern blots, the cat papillomavirus hybridized under conditions of low stringency with all papillomavirus genomes tested. Combined with limited restriction endonuclease restriction mapping, the above information indicates that the feline cutaneous papillomavirus is a unique virus type and thus expands the list of hosts known to be infected by papillomaviruses.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Viral; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Papillomaviridae; Tumor Virus Infections; Virion
PubMed: 1965634
DOI: 10.1177/104063879000200407 -
EBioMedicine Jan 2021High-level disinfection protects tens-of-millions of patients from the transmission of viruses on reusable medical devices. The efficacy of high-level disinfectants for...
BACKGROUND
High-level disinfection protects tens-of-millions of patients from the transmission of viruses on reusable medical devices. The efficacy of high-level disinfectants for preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission has been called into question by recent publications, which if true, would have significant public health implications.
METHODS
Evaluation of the clinical relevance of these published findings required the development of novel methods to quantify and compare: (i) Infectious titres of lab-produced, clinically-sourced, and animal-derived papillomaviruses, (ii) The papillomavirus dose responses in the newly developed in vitro and in vivo models, and the kinetics of in vivo disease formation, and (iii) The efficacy of high-level disinfectants in inactivating papillomaviruses in these systems.
FINDINGS
Clinical virus titres obtained from cervical lesions were comparable to those obtained from tissue (raft-culture) and in vivo models. A mouse tail infection model showed a clear dose-response for disease formation, that papillomaviruses remain stable and infective on fomite surfaces for at least 8 weeks without squames and up to a year with squames, and that there is a 10-fold drop in virus titre with transfer from a fomite surface to a new infection site. Disinfectants such as ortho-phthalaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide, but not ethanol, were highly effective at inactivating multiple HPV types in vitro and in vivo.
INTERPRETATION
Together with comparable results presented in a companion manuscript from an independent laboratory, this work demonstrates that high-level disinfectants inactivate HPV and highlights the need for standardized and well-controlled methods to assess HPV transmission and disinfection.
FUNDING
Advanced Sterilization Products, UK-MRC (MR/S024409/1 and MC-PC-13050) and Addenbrookes Charitable Trust.
Topics: Animals; Cervix Uteri; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Female; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mice; Molecular Typing; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Viral Load
PubMed: 33421945
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103177 -
Viruses Aug 2021Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well established to cause hyperplastic papillomas (warts) in humans and animals. In addition, due to their ability to alter cell regulation,... (Review)
Review
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well established to cause hyperplastic papillomas (warts) in humans and animals. In addition, due to their ability to alter cell regulation, PVs are also recognized to cause approximately 5% of human cancers and these viruses have been associated with neoplasia in a number of animal species. In contrast to other domestic species, cats have traditionally been thought to less frequently develop disease due to PV infection. However, in the last 15 years, the number of viruses and the different lesions associated with PVs in cats have greatly expanded. In this review, the PV life cycle and the subsequent immune response is briefly discussed along with methods used to investigate a PV etiology of a lesion. The seven PV types that are currently known to infect cats are reviewed. The lesions that have been associated with PV infections in cats are then discussed and the review finishes with a brief discussion on the use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced disease in domestic cats.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cat Diseases; Cats; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 34452528
DOI: 10.3390/v13081664 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2015In a natural infection, human papillomavirus (HPV) replicates in a stratified and differentiated epithelium. We have developed an in vitro organotypic raft culture...
In a natural infection, human papillomavirus (HPV) replicates in a stratified and differentiated epithelium. We have developed an in vitro organotypic raft culture system that allows researchers to study HPV in its natural environment. Not only does this system reproduce the differentiation-dependent replication cycle of HPV, but it also allows for the production of high titers of native HPV virions. Currently, much of the HPV research has been done utilizing synthetic particles produced in transfection systems. However, by production of native virions, this research can now be continued using native particles. This chapter presents methods for producing, titering, and qualitating, via infectivity assay, native virus produced from organotypic raft culture.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; DNA, Viral; Humans; Mice; Papillomaviridae; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Virology
PubMed: 25348317
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2013-6_24 -
Virology Jun 2018The International Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Reference Center supports quality and order in HPV research and diagnostics. Notably, the center assigns HPV type numbers to...
The International Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Reference Center supports quality and order in HPV research and diagnostics. Notably, the center assigns HPV type numbers to novel HPV types, maintains a reference clone repository, and issues international proficiency panels for HPV genotyping. The established HPV types, currently up to HPV225, belong to 5 different genera: alpha (65 types), beta (54 types), gamma (98 types), mu (3 types) and nu (1 type). Since 2014, 23 novel types have been established, 82.6% of which belong to the gamma genus. Reference clones have been provided to 44 different research laboratories and the global proficiency program for HPV genotyping has seen an increasing participation (currently 146 laboratories) and complete proficiency has increased over time (from 26% to 59% of datasets). In summary, an increasing complexity of the HPVs requires international efforts to support a recognized quality and order among HPV types.
Topics: Biological Specimen Banks; Biomedical Research; Genotype; Humans; Internationality; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Virology
PubMed: 29679790
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.003 -
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Sep 1991
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Tumor Virus Infections; Vulvar Diseases
PubMed: 1657472
DOI: No ID Found -
Genitourinary Medicine Feb 1992
Review
Topics: Antigens, Viral; Blotting, Southern; DNA Probes, HPV; Humans; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Papillomaviridae; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tumor Virus Infections; Virology
PubMed: 1312507
DOI: 10.1136/sti.68.1.50 -
Current Protocols in Microbiology May 2016Molecular events during the papillomavirus life cycle can be mapped in infected tissue biopsies using antibodies to viral and cellular gene products, or by in situ...
Molecular events during the papillomavirus life cycle can be mapped in infected tissue biopsies using antibodies to viral and cellular gene products, or by in situ hybridization approaches that detect viral DNA or viral transcription products. For proteins, ease of immunodetection depends on antibody specificity and antigen availability. Epitopes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples are often masked by crosslinking and must be exposed for immunodetection. RNA in FFPE material is often degraded, and such tissue must be handled carefully to optimize detection. Viral proteins and viral genomic DNA are both well preserved in routinely processed FFPE samples, with sensitive detection methodologies allowing the simultaneous detection of multiple markers. The combined visualization of nucleic acid and (viral) protein targets, when coupled with image analysis approaches that allow correlation with standard pathology diagnosis, have allowed us to understand the molecular changes required for normal HPV life-cycle organization as well as deregulation during cancer progression. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Humans; In Situ Hybridization; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Tissue Embedding; Tissue Fixation; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 27153382
DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.6