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Veterinary Microbiology Jun 1990This paper reviews the recent developments related to members of the Paramyxoviridae family which infect avian species. These developments include: (1) The... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the recent developments related to members of the Paramyxoviridae family which infect avian species. These developments include: (1) The identification of the virus responsible for the diseases turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome in chickens as a member of the Pneumovirus genus, the first of this type to be isolated from birds. (2) The use of monoclonal antibodies prepared against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and other avian paramyxoviruses which has enabled more exact and rapid diagnosis and greater understanding of the epizootiology of these viruses. (3) The nucleotide sequencing of the genome of NDV and subsequent amino acid sequencing of the major virus proteins have resulted in greater understanding of the pathogenicity of this economically important virus.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Base Sequence; Bird Diseases; Birds; Molecular Sequence Data; Paramyxoviridae; Respirovirus Infections
PubMed: 2205966
DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90140-q -
Viruses Jan 2020Paramyxovirus (PMV) entry requires the coordinated action of two envelope glycoproteins, the receptor binding protein (RBP) and fusion protein (F). The sequence of... (Review)
Review
Paramyxovirus (PMV) entry requires the coordinated action of two envelope glycoproteins, the receptor binding protein (RBP) and fusion protein (F). The sequence of events that occurs during the PMV entry process is tightly regulated. This regulation ensures entry will only initiate when the virion is in the vicinity of a target cell membrane. Here, we review recent structural and mechanistic studies to delineate the entry features that are shared and distinct amongst the . In general, we observe overarching distinctions between the protein-using RBPs and the sialic acid- (SA-) using RBPs, including how their stalk domains differentially trigger F. Moreover, through sequence comparisons, we identify greater structural and functional conservation amongst the PMV fusion proteins, as compared to the RBPs. When examining the relative contributions to sequence conservation of the globular head versus stalk domains of the RBP, we observe that, for the protein-using PMVs, the stalk domains exhibit higher conservation and find the opposite trend is true for SA-using PMVs. A better understanding of conserved and distinct features that govern the entry of protein-using versus SA-using PMVs will inform the rational design of broader spectrum therapeutics that impede this process.
Topics: Carrier Proteins; Humans; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Paramyxoviridae; Protein Binding; Viral Fusion Proteins; Virus Attachment; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 32019182
DOI: 10.3390/v12020161 -
Advances in Virus Research 1991
Review
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Genes, Viral; Molecular Sequence Data; Paramyxoviridae; RNA, Viral; Transcription, Genetic; Virus Replication
PubMed: 2038953
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60794-0 -
The Journal of General Virology Dec 2019The family consists of large enveloped RNA viruses infecting mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Many paramyxoviruses are host-specific and several, such as measles...
The family consists of large enveloped RNA viruses infecting mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Many paramyxoviruses are host-specific and several, such as measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and several parainfluenza viruses, are pathogenic for humans. The transmission of paramyxoviruses is horizontal, mainly through airborne routes; no vectors are known. This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family . which is available at ictv.global/report/paramyxoviridae.
Topics: DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; Databases, Factual; Humans; Paramyxoviridae; Web Browser
PubMed: 31609197
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001328 -
Viruses May 2022is a viral family within the order of ; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to... (Review)
Review
is a viral family within the order of ; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses-as any other viruses-have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by the host's cells: the defensive line driven by interferon. Once the viruses are recognized, the cells start the production of type I and type III interferons, which leads to the activation of hundreds of genes, many of which encode proteins with the specific function to reduce viral replication. Type II interferon is produced by active immune cells through a different signaling pathway, and activates a diverse range of genes with the same objective to block viral replication. As a result of this selective pressure, viruses have evolved different strategies to avoid the defensive function of interferons. The strategies employed by the different viral species to fight the interferon system include a number of sophisticated mechanisms. Here we analyzed the current status of the various strategies used by paramyxoviruses to subvert type I, II, and III interferon responses.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Interferon-gamma; Interferons; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxovirinae; RNA Viruses; Virus Replication
PubMed: 35632848
DOI: 10.3390/v14051107 -
Global genetic diversity of measles virus (Paramyxoviridae: ): historical aspects and current state.Voprosy Virusologii Nov 2023Monitoring the circulation of the measles virus and studying its genetic diversity is an important component of the measles elimination program. A methodological... (Review)
Review
Monitoring the circulation of the measles virus and studying its genetic diversity is an important component of the measles elimination program. A methodological approach to molecular genetic studies and their interpretation in the measles surveillance was developed in the early 2000s. During its development, clear areas of circulation of each genotype of the virus were identified, therefore, the determination of viruses' genotypes was proposed to monitor circulation and identify transmission pathways. However, in the future, due to a significant decrease in the number of active genotypes, an approach based on sub-genotyping was proposed: determining not only the genotype of the virus, but also its genetic lineage/genetic variant. The Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) systematically monitors the circulation of the measles virus at the sub-genotypic level, depositing the results in a specialized database MeaNS2. It is this database that is the most complete and reliable source of information about the genetic characteristic of measles viruses. This review presents both historical information and the latest data on the global genetic diversity of the measles virus.
Topics: Humans; Measles virus; Morbillivirus; Paramyxoviridae; Molecular Epidemiology; Measles; Genotype; Genetic Variation
PubMed: 38156571
DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-187 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Apr 2015Minigenomes (MGs) are complementary DNAs of the synthetic analogs of genomic RNA. MGs are widely used to study the life cycle of the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses.... (Review)
Review
Minigenomes (MGs) are complementary DNAs of the synthetic analogs of genomic RNA. MGs are widely used to study the life cycle of the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses. MG-based studies have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of viral replication and transcription in this family, including the roles of viral proteins, the location and boundaries of the cis-acting elements, the functional domains of trans-acting proteins, techniques for the measurement of neutralizing antibody, virus-host interactions, and the structure and function of viral RNA. This article provides a brief overview of the principle and application of MG technology in studies involving members of the Paramyxoviridae family. The advantages, potential limitations, and future scope of MG technology are also discussed.
Topics: Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Molecular Biology; Paramyxoviridae; Virology; Virus Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 24767419
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.02.008 -
Advances in Virus Research 1989
Review
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Paramyxoviridae; RNA, Viral; Respirovirus Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 2690597
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60836-2 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2004The Paramyxoviridae, a large family of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses, comprises several genera each containing important human and animal pathogens. They... (Review)
Review
The Paramyxoviridae, a large family of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses, comprises several genera each containing important human and animal pathogens. They possess in common six basal genes essential for viral replication and, in addition, a subset of accessory genes that are largely unique to each genus. These accessory genes are either encoded in one or more alternative overlapping frames of a basal gene, which are accessed transcriptionally or translationally, or inserted before or between the basal genes as one or more extra genes. However, the question of how the individual accessory genes contribute to actual viral replication and pathogenesis remained unanswered. It was not even established whether they are dispensable or indispensable for the viral life cycle. The plasmid-based reverse genetics of the full-length viral genome has now come into wide use to demonstrate that most, if not all, of these putative accessory genes can be disrupted without destroying viral infectivity, conclusively defining them as indeed dispensable accessory genes. Studies on the phenotypes of the resulting gene knockout viruses have revealed that the individual accessory genes greatly contribute specifically and additively to the overall viral fitness both in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Genes, Viral; Humans; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pneumovirinae; Rubulavirus; Viral Proteins; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 15298171
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-06099-5_6 -
Archives of Virology May 2018A number of unassigned viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae need to be classified either as a new genus or placed into one of the seven genera currently recognized in...
A number of unassigned viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae need to be classified either as a new genus or placed into one of the seven genera currently recognized in this family. Furthermore, numerous new paramyxoviruses continue to be discovered. However, attempts at classification have highlighted the difficulties that arise by applying historic criteria or criteria based on sequence alone to the classification of the viruses in this family. While the recent taxonomic change that elevated the previous subfamily Pneumovirinae into a separate family Pneumoviridae is readily justified on the basis of RNA dependent -RNA polymerase (RdRp or L protein) sequence motifs, using RdRp sequence comparisons for assignment to lower level taxa raises problems that would require an overhaul of the current criteria for assignment into genera in the family Paramyxoviridae. Arbitrary cut off points to delineate genera and species would have to be set if classification was based on the amino acid sequence of the RdRp alone or on pairwise analysis of sequence complementarity (PASC) of all open reading frames (ORFs). While these cut-offs cannot be made consistent with the current classification in this family, resorting to genus-level demarcation criteria with additional input from the biological context may afford a way forward. Such criteria would reflect the increasingly dynamic nature of virus taxonomy even if it would require a complete revision of the current classification.
Topics: Genome, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Paramyxoviridae; Phylogeny; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
PubMed: 29372404
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3720-2