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Nature Reviews. Cancer Mar 2022
Topics: Cell Communication; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Parity; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35110730
DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00449-2 -
Journal of Diabetes and Its... Jan 2017The goal of this study is to investigate the association between higher parity and the risk of occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in women and to quantify the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIM
The goal of this study is to investigate the association between higher parity and the risk of occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in women and to quantify the potential dose-response relation.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, and EMBASE electronic databases for related cohort studies up to March 10th, 2016. Summary rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for T2DM with at least 3 categories of exposure were eligible. A random-effects dose-response analysis procedure was used to study the relations between them.
RESULTS
After screening a total of 13,647 published studies, only 7 cohort studies (9,394 incident cases and 286,840 female participants) were found to be eligible for this meta-analysis. In the category analysis, the pooled RR for the highest number of parity vs. the lowest one was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.17-1.72, I=71.5%, P=0.002, Power=0.99). In the dose-response analysis, a noticeable linear dose-risk relation was found between parity and T2DM (P=0.942). For every live birth increase in parity, the combined RR was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02-1.09, I=84.3%, P=0.003, Power=0.99). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. No publication bias was found in the results.
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis suggests that higher parity and the risk of T2DM show a linear relationship in women.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy; Reproductive History; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28340964
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.005 -
The Kurume Medical Journal Jul 2023Parity is related to breast cancer in various ways. Its effects on the development of breast cancer are not independent and should be investigated at the same time as...
BACKGROUND
Parity is related to breast cancer in various ways. Its effects on the development of breast cancer are not independent and should be investigated at the same time as other reproductive factors. The association between parity and stage and type of breast cancer receptor was studied.
METHODS
Parity was established for 75 patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer and 45 patients with ER-negative breast cancer. The stages of breast cancer were also determined.
RESULTS
Breast cancer was found to have an association with high parity (≥ 3 parities). Significantly, most patients were diagnosed with stage II breast cancer, and this was especially frequent in patients with high parity. Stage IIB was most common, particularly among those 40-49 years old. ER-positive and ER-negative stage II breast cancer were both common among patients with high parity.
CONCLUSION
Breast cancer, particularly at stage II, is associated with high parity. Parity is also associated with type of breast cancer, based on estrogen receptor category. This finding supports the recommendation that breast cancer should be screened in women with a high parity. Increased births should be considered a risk factor particularly for stage II breast cancer independent of cancer type.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Parity; Breast Neoplasms; Receptors, Estrogen; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37100604
DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.MS682013 -
BMC Women's Health Mar 2022Pregnancy has been considered a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis. Despite much research in this field, the relationship between parity and bone mineral...
BACKGROUND
Pregnancy has been considered a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis. Despite much research in this field, the relationship between parity and bone mineral density (BMD) is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate whether there was an association between parity and BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in postmenopausal women.
METHODS
Cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Three linear regression models, Model 1 (unadjusted), Model 2 (adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI)), and Model 3 (adjusted for all covariates), were established to evaluate the relationship between parity and BMD. In addition, the p value trend of BMD in the different parity groups was mutually verified with the results of multiple regression. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between parity and osteoporosis.
RESULTS
In total, 924 postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years were eligible for this study. After adjustment for potential confounders, women with ≥ 6 parities had significantly lower lumbar spine BMD than women with 1-2 parities (β = - 0.072, 95% CI: - 0.125, - 0.018, P = 0.009). However, there was no correlation between parity and femoral neck BMD in any of the three regression models. Furthermore, ≥ 6 parities were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of lumbar spine osteoporosis compared with 1-2 parities (OR = 3.876, 95% CI: 1.637, 9.175, P = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
After adjustment for BMD-related risk factors, ≥ 6 parities were associated with decreased lumbar spine BMD but not femoral neck BMD in postmenopausal women. This suggests that postmenopausal women with high parity are at increased risk of lumbar osteoporotic fractures and should pay more attention to their bone health.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Nutrition Surveys; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Parity; Postmenopause; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35321721
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01662-9 -
The Lancet. Global Health Sep 2016
Topics: Democracy; Female; Parity; Pregnancy
PubMed: 27492821
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30153-X -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2023We conducted a retrospective meta-analysis based on individual cow data to assess the associations of parity, level of production, and pasture-based or intensively fed... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
We conducted a retrospective meta-analysis based on individual cow data to assess the associations of parity, level of production, and pasture-based or intensively fed systems with fertility. Our goal was to provide understandings of the role of parity in risks for removal and reproductive failure. Multilevel models were used to evaluate the fixed effects of parity, milk, milk solids, milk fat and protein percentage and yield, and production system [intensively fed (n = 28,675) or predominantly pasture fed (n = 4,108)] on reproductive outcomes. The outcomes were the hazard of not being bred (HNBRED), hazard of pregnancy (HPREG), pregnancy to first breeding (PREG1), and odds of becoming pregnant in a lactation (OPAL). The 32,783 cows were in 13 studies conducted in Australia (14.6% of cows), Canada (2.4% of cows), and the United States (83.0% of cows). There were 38.5% of cows in the sample in parity 1, 27.3% in parity 2, 16.7% in parity 3, 9.0% in parity 4, and 8.6% in parity ≥5. Compared with cows of parity 1, parity ≥5 cows had a greater HNBRED [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.45], lesser HPREG (HR = 0.73), and reduced OPAL (odds ratio = 0.36). However, the parity ≥5 cows had similar PREG1 to other parities except for parity 1. This suggests the possibility of a higher proportion of subfertile parity ≥5 cows than for other parities. Associations between parity and reproductive measures were influenced by the different milk production measures, indicating that milk yield and milk component percentages and yields modified the odds or hazards of successful reproduction. All milk production measures had quadratic associations with OPAL, indicating that either low or high production or concentration of solids within a cohort reduced OPAL. This reduced OPAL reflected a greater HNBRED for lower milk yield and milk protein and fat yielding cows. Both milk yield and milk protein percentage had quadratic associations with HPREG. When centered milk yield was categorized into quartiles, small differences in HPREG existed. A more marked association of milk protein percentage occurred with HPREG, with optimal HPREG at approximately 0.5% above group mean milk protein percentage. Milk fat percentage (HR = 0.901), fat yield (kg/d; HR = 0.78), protein yield (kg/d; HR = 0.71), and milk solids yield (kg/d; HR = 0.84) were all linearly associated with reduced HPREG. Difference in production systems did not have substantive effects on PREG1 but did for HNBRED, HPREG, and OPAL. Estimates of associations of parity with reproductive outcomes HNBRED, HPREG, and OPAL were influenced by milk and milk solids yield; older cows had markedly lower reproductive outcomes. Interestingly, for PREG1, there were few differences among parities and differences were less influenced by milk yield and constituent measures. The marked associations of parity with removal for all reasons, deaths and culling, and reductions in HNBRED, HPREG, and OPAL indicate a need to focus on the physiological changes with parity to produce better strategies to support optimal longevity of cows.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Cattle; Animals; Parity; Retrospective Studies; Reproduction; Lactation; Milk Proteins
PubMed: 36460503
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21672 -
Maternal & Child Nutrition Jul 2020One post-partum behaviour that may be protective against post-partum weight retention and long-term weight gain among women of reproductive age is lactation because of...
One post-partum behaviour that may be protective against post-partum weight retention and long-term weight gain among women of reproductive age is lactation because of its potential role in resetting maternal metabolism after pregnancy. However, most of the evidence focuses on weight retention at 6, 12, or 24 months post-partum, and data beyond 2 years after birth are sparse, and findings are inconclusive. Therefore, our aim was to assess the association of parity and mean duration of lactation per child with long-term weight change in Mexican women. We assessed the association of parity and mean duration of lactation per child with long-term weight change in 75,421 women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort. Several multivariable regression models were fit to assess these associations. We also examined the non-linear association between duration of lactation and weight change using restricted cubic splines. We found that parous women (≥4 children) gained 2.81 kg more (95% CI [2.52, 3.10]) than did nulliparous women. The association between mean duration of lactation per child and weight change appeared to be non-linear. Women who breastfed on average 3-6 months per child had lower gain weight (-1.10, 95% CI [-1.58, -0.47 kg]) than had women who did not breastfeed. This association was linear up to 6 months of lactation per child. Our findings suggest that parity alters weight-gain trajectory in women and that lactation could reduce this alteration. These findings are important in the prevention of excessive weight gain through reproductive years and their future health implications.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Lactation; Mexico; Middle Aged; Parity; Postpartum Period; Time Factors; Weight Gain
PubMed: 32207579
DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12988 -
European Journal of Endocrinology Nov 2016Epidemiologic studies regarding the association between parity and risk of type 2 diabetes have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed a systematic review... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Epidemiologic studies regarding the association between parity and risk of type 2 diabetes have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to determine the relation between parity and type 2 diabetes risk.
METHODS
We searched PubMed and Embase for published epidemiologic studies that assessed the relation between parity and risk of type 2 diabetes up to 31 March 2016. A dose-response random-effects model was used to combine study-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by meta-regression and subgroup analyses.
RESULTS
Seven cohort studies, 1 case-control study and 9 cross-sectional studies including 296 923 participants were eligible for inclusion. The combined RR for the highest versus lowest category of parity indicated a 54% increment in type 2 diabetes risk (95% CI: 29-83%). In the cubic spline model, a nonlinear association was found between parity and risk of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.02 for nonlinearity). Compared with nulliparous women, the estimated RR (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes for women with one to seven children was 1.01 (0.96-1.07), 1.08 (1.00-1.16), 1.20 (1.12-1.30), 1.32 (1.22-1.42), 1.37 (1.27-1.48), 1.39 (1.26-1.52) and 1.39 (1.23-1.57) respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher parity is significantly associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Further studies are warranted to fully adjust for the potential confounders and explore the causality between parity and type 2 diabetes risk.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Parity; Pregnancy; Risk
PubMed: 27334332
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-16-0321 -
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences Oct 2020To investigate the association between parity and the risk of incident dementia in women.
AIMS
To investigate the association between parity and the risk of incident dementia in women.
METHODS
We pooled baseline and follow-up data for community-dwelling women aged 60 or older from six population-based, prospective cohort studies from four European and two Asian countries. We investigated the association between parity and incident dementia using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age, educational level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cohort, with additional analysis by dementia subtype (Alzheimer dementia (AD) and non-Alzheimer dementia (NAD)).
RESULTS
Of 9756 women dementia-free at baseline, 7010 completed one or more follow-up assessments. The mean follow-up duration was 5.4 ± 3.1 years and dementia developed in 550 participants. The number of parities was associated with the risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.13). Grand multiparity (five or more parities) increased the risk of dementia by 30% compared to 1-4 parities (HR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.02-1.67). The risk of NAD increased by 12% for every parity (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02-1.23) and by 60% for grand multiparity (HR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.00-2.55), but the risk of AD was not significantly associated with parity.
CONCLUSIONS
Grand multiparity is a significant risk factor for dementia in women. This may have particularly important implications for women in low and middle-income countries where the fertility rate and prevalence of grand multiparity are high.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; China; Cohort Studies; Dementia; Europe; Female; Geriatric Psychiatry; Humans; Incidence; Independent Living; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy; Proportional Hazards Models; Republic of Korea; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 33077022
DOI: 10.1017/S2045796020000876 -
Veterinary Pathology Sep 2017
Topics: Aging; Animals; Female; Parity; Pregnancy; Research
PubMed: 28820050
DOI: 10.1177/0300985817717772