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Population Studies Mar 2022Most research on trends in socio-economic fertility differences has focused on cohort total fertility and on women. This study aimed to analyse how cohort trends in...
Most research on trends in socio-economic fertility differences has focused on cohort total fertility and on women. This study aimed to analyse how cohort trends in parity-specific fertility differ across educational segments for men and women and what role multi-partner fertility plays in these trends. We used Finnish and Swedish register data on cohorts born in 1940-73/78. The main analyses used parity progression ratios, comparing ordinary ratios with similar ratios using births to first reproductive partners only. Among the low and medium educated, we observe strengthening parity polarization across cohorts, with increases in both childlessness and births of order three or higher, the latter largely reflecting increases in multi-partner fertility. Highly educated men and women more often have exactly two children. We demonstrate that cohort total fertility can mask significant parity-specific trends across educational groups and that changes in multi-partner fertility can play a part in cohort trends in socio-economic fertility differentials.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Birth Rate; Child; Cohort Studies; Educational Status; Female; Fertility; Humans; Male; Parity; Pregnancy; Research Design; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 33691588
DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2021.1887506 -
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare... 2018Across the globe, producers are moving from individual housing to group housing for sows during gestation. Producers typically group sows of a range of parities... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Across the globe, producers are moving from individual housing to group housing for sows during gestation. Producers typically group sows of a range of parities together, although the impacts are largely unknown. This study examined the behavioral expression at mixing for young, midparity, and older sows. Ten mixed-parity groups were filmed at mixing on a commercial piggery. One-minute clips were edited from continuous footage where focal sows of known parity could be identified, and scored for qualitative behavioral expression. Parity 2 and 6 sows were more calm/tired than Parity 4 sows, who were more active/energetic. Parity 2 sows were more curious/inquisitive than Parity 4 and 6 sows, who were more anxious/frustrated. Correlations between qualitative behavioral expression and activity indicated sows scored as more calm/tired spent a greater proportion of time standing, while sows scored as more active/energetic spent more time performing avoidance behavior. Different body language is likely to reflect physical or affective differences in how sows cope with mixing.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Fatigue; Female; Housing, Animal; Movement; Parity; Pregnancy; Principal Component Analysis; Random Allocation; Social Behavior; Swine; Video Recording; Western Australia
PubMed: 28846031
DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1363651 -
Population Studies Mar 2023This study aims to present an alternative measure of fertility-cross-sectional average length of life by parity (CALP)-which: (1) is a period fertility indicator using...
This study aims to present an alternative measure of fertility-cross-sectional average length of life by parity (CALP)-which: (1) is a period fertility indicator using all available cohort information; (2) captures the dynamics of parity transitions; and (3) links information on fertility quantum and timing together as part of a single phenomenon. Using data from the Human Fertility Database, we calculate CALP for 12 countries in the Global North. Our results show that women spend the longest time at parity zero on average, and in countries where women spend comparatively longer time at parity zero, they spend fewer years at parities one and two. The analysis is extended by decomposing the differences in CALPs between Sweden and the United States, revealing age- and cohort-specific contributions to population-level differences in parity-specific fertility patterns. The decomposition illustrates how high teenage fertility in the United States dominates the differences between these two countries in the time spent at different parities.
Topics: Pregnancy; Adolescent; Female; United States; Humans; Parity; Population Dynamics; Birth Rate; Longevity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Fertility
PubMed: 35412443
DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2022.2049857 -
American Journal of Physical... Jul 2003This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between parity, bone mineral density, and spontaneous osteopenia/osteoporosis in a large skeletal population of... (Review)
Review
This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between parity, bone mineral density, and spontaneous osteopenia/osteoporosis in a large skeletal population of female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from the free-ranging colony of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. The sample consists of 119 mature female monkeys aged 4.0-22.2 years at time of death. The data consist of measurements of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the last lumbar vertebra. After controlling for age, there is a significant increase in BMD of the spine with increasing parity (P = 0.0006), up to a parity of 7 offspring. Thus, high parity initially has a positive effect on BMD in female rhesus monkeys, but this positive effect disappears with parities that are greater than 7 offspring. After controlling for parity, however, age has a negative (P = 0.015) effect on BMD, beginning several years after the attainment of peak BMD (age 9.5 years). Thus, it appears that parity initially mitigates the effects of aging, but the positive effect of parity on BMD is eventually overwhelmed by the aging process. Mean BMC and BMD values are higher in parous females compared to nulliparous females in the same age range. Similarly, females with low parity have significantly lower mean BMD values than do age-matched high-parity controls, and the frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis is greater in low-parity females. Forty-three percent (43%) of the osteopenic/osteoporotic females in the sample are members of the low-parity group, even though it composes only 13% (16/119) of the entire sample. This study demonstrates that the free-ranging female rhesus monkeys from Cayo Santiago are a good nonhuman primate model for the study of bone mineral density, parity, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Animals; Bone Density; Female; Lactation; Macaca mulatta; Osteoporosis; Parity; Puerto Rico
PubMed: 12772213
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10238 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Oct 2023
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Policy Making; Parity
PubMed: 37816512
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p2295 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2016Reproductive factors have been shown to correlate with lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parity and serum lipid levels... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Reproductive factors have been shown to correlate with lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parity and serum lipid levels in community-based Chinese female adults. A total of 4,217 female participants were enrolled. Parity was recorded according to questionnaire and serum lipid profile, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), was measured. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of parity to serum lipid levels, while adjusting for demographics and metabolic risk factors. Parity in this population ranged from 0 to 7. After adjusting for potential confounders, it indicated that females with more than 2 parities appeared to be less likely to suffer from abnormal serum TC level compared with nulliparae (parity = 2, odds ratio (OR) = 0.457, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.284-0.736; parity ≥ 3, OR = 0.363, 95% CI = 0.202-0.653). These findings suggested that parity could correlate with lipid metabolism in Chinese women. Individuals with higher parity appeared to have a lower total cholesterol in blood.
Topics: Adult; Asian People; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Lipids; Parity; Pregnancy
PubMed: 27645134
DOI: 10.1038/srep33831 -
JAMA Network Open Jan 2020Pregnancy and breastfeeding prevent ovulation and may slow the depletion of the ovarian follicle pool. These factors may lower the risk of early menopause, a condition...
IMPORTANCE
Pregnancy and breastfeeding prevent ovulation and may slow the depletion of the ovarian follicle pool. These factors may lower the risk of early menopause, a condition associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other adverse health outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of parity and breastfeeding with the risk of early menopause.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This population-based cohort study within the Nurses' Health Study II cohort (1989-2015) included premenopausal participants who were aged 25 to 42 years at baseline. Response rates were 85% to 90% for each cycle, and follow-up continued until menopause, age 45 years, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, death, cancer diagnosis, loss to follow-up, or end of follow-up in May 2015. Hypotheses were formulated after data collection. Data analysis took place from February to July 2019.
EXPOSURES
Parity (ie, number of pregnancies lasting ≥6 months) was measured at baseline and every 2 years. History and duration of total and exclusive breastfeeding were assessed 3 times during follow-up. Menopause status and age were assessed every 2 years.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Risk of natural menopause before age 45 years.
RESULTS
At baseline, 108 887 premenopausal women aged 25 to 42 years (mean [SD] age, 34.1 [4.6] years; 102 246 [93.9%] non-Hispanic white) were included in the study. In multivariable models, higher parity was associated with lower risk of early menopause. Hazard ratios were attenuated with adjustment for breastfeeding but remained significant. Compared with nulliparous women, those reporting 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more pregnancies lasting at least 6 months had hazard ratios for early menopause of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.79-1.06), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.73-0.96), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67-0.92), and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.66-1.01), respectively (P for trend = .006). In multivariable models also adjusted for parity, hazard ratios for duration of exclusive breastfeeding of 1 to 6, 7 to 12, 13 to 18, and 19 or more months were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.85-1.07), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.83), 0.80 (95% CI, 0.66-0.97), and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.69-1.16), respectively, compared with less than 1 month of exclusive breastfeeding (P for trend = .001). Despite the significant test for trend, estimates were not observed to be lower as duration of exclusive breastfeeding increased. In a stratified analysis of parous women, risk of early menopause was lowest among those reporting exclusive breastfeeding for 7 to 12 months in each level of parity (women with 2 pregnancies and 7-12 months of breastfeeding: HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96; ≥3 pregnancies and 7-12 months of breastfeeding: HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52-0.88; 2 pregnancies and ≥13 months of breastfeeding: HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.66-1.15; ≥3 pregnancies and 13-18 months of breastfeeding: HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.66-1.13; and ≥3 pregnancies and ≥19 months of breastfeeding: HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.72-1.32).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this study, an inverse association of parity with risk of early menopause was observed. Breastfeeding was associated with significantly lower risk, even after accounting for parity. Breastfeeding at levels consistent with current recommendations may confer an additional benefit of lower risk of early menopause.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Breast Feeding; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Menopause; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 31968114
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19615 -
American Journal of Medical Genetics May 1997Previous studies have suggested a positive correlation between grand multiparity and the incidence of Down syndrome (DS). In order to study different parities as risk...
Previous studies have suggested a positive correlation between grand multiparity and the incidence of Down syndrome (DS). In order to study different parities as risk factors for DS, the Swedish health registries were used, and 2,615 infants with Down syndrome were selected from 2,184,590 infants born in 1973-1993. A statistically significant risk decrease for primiparas, and a significant risk increase for grand multiparas (5+), was found (age-adjusted odds ratios: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.80-0.96) and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.18-1.65), respectively. Potential confounders, such as the effect of truncated maternal 1-year age classes, citizenship, socioeconomic level, etc., were evaluated but were found to have only marginal effects. Evidence suggesting that the extension of prenatal diagnosis during the study period has decreased the incidence of DS among women of parity 1-4, but not among women of parity 5+, was found. The hypothesis that Swedish grand multiparas may have another attitude toward prenatal diagnosis than women of lower parities was confirmed when, in a data set containing information on 872 amniocenteses, a significantly lower rate of grand multiparity than expected was found. For the negative association between primiparity and DS, no obvious confounder was found.
Topics: Adult; Down Syndrome; Female; Humans; Male; Maternal Age; Parity; Socioeconomic Factors; Sweden
PubMed: 9128942
DOI: No ID Found -
Dam parity affects fetal growth, placental size, and neonatal metabolism in spring-born beef calves.Journal of Animal Science Jan 2023To determine effects of dam parity on perinatal nutrient availability in beef cattle, data and samples were collected from 18 primiparous and 35 multiparous...
To determine effects of dam parity on perinatal nutrient availability in beef cattle, data and samples were collected from 18 primiparous and 35 multiparous spring-calving Sim-Angus dams and their calves. Time to stand was recorded and neonatal vigor assessed. Jugular blood was collected from a subset of calves at 0 (post-standing and pre-suckling) 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of age, and blood chemistry panels were completed. Expelled placentas were dissected, dried, and weighed. Prepartum maternal circulating glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides, and urea N were analyzed. All statistical models included the fixed effect of dam parity, and calf sex (when P ≤ 0.25) was included for calf and placental variables. Effects of sampling hour, and parity × hour were included for calf metabolites over time using repeated measures. Multiparous dams had greater body weight prepartum (P < 0.001) but similar (P = 0.25) body condition score. Maternal circulating urea N and triglycerides were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in multiparous dams pre-calving. Calves born to primiparous dams weighed 10% less (P ≤ 0.04) at birth with smaller (P ≤ 0.01) heart and abdominal girths. Cotyledonary, intercotyledonary, and total placental masses were less (P ≤ 0.05) for primiparous dams. Dam parity did not affect (P ≥ 0.58) calf time to stand, vigor score at 10 min, or rectal temperature. Serum glucose was greater (P = 0.03) at 0 h but less (P ≤ 0.04) at all other hours in calves from primiparous dams. Calves from primiparous dams had greater (P ≤ 0.02) serum NEFA at 6, 12, and 24 h although plasma triglycerides were greater (P < 0.001) at 6 h. Calves from primiparous dams had greater (P ≤ 0.04) serum urea N at 12 h and creatinine at 12 and 24 h. Plasma insulin was greater (P ≤ 0.04) in calves from multiparous dams at 12, 48, and 72 h, but parity did not affect (P ≥ 0.18) serum total protein or plasma cortisol. Serum aspartate aminotransferase was greater (P ≤ 0.04) at 6 and 24 h, creatine kinase was greater at 24 h, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was less (P ≤ 0.04) at 6, 12, and 24 h, for calves from primiparous dams. Calves born to primiparous dams had greater (P ≤ 0.02) total bilirubin and direct bilirubin at 12 and 24 h. Data indicate that calves born to first-parity heifers had decreased perinatal nutrient availability, resulting in reduced fetal and placental growth, as well as greater energy reserve mobilization and metabolic indicators of stress as neonates.
Topics: Pregnancy; Cattle; Animals; Female; Parity; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Placenta; Fetal Development; Triglycerides; Glucose
PubMed: 36478071
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac399 -
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese... Jul 2022To analyze effects of parity on women's nutrition and health status. This study was based on the data bank of "Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children...
To analyze effects of parity on women's nutrition and health status. This study was based on the data bank of "Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Adolescents Aged 0-17 years old and Lactating Mothers from 2016 to 2017". Using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method, 17 771 women at 0 to 24 months postpartum from 31 provinces in Mainland China were included in this study. Questionnaires were used to collect data on women's general demographic characteristics, parity, mode of delivery, pre-pregnancy weight, pre-delivery weight, diseases before and during pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage. Current body height, body weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Blood hemoglobin, blood glucose and blood lipids were detected. Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention, postpartum BMI, the rates of anemia, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were calculated. Survey sample weights were calculated according to the sampling design and number of children under 2 years old from the sixth population census data of China. Effects of parity on the observational indicators after adjusting for confounding factors were analyzed by multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression. The age of 17 771 women was (29.5±5.0) years old, 12.2% (2 172) were over 35 but less than 40 years old, and 3.2% (563) were over 40 years old; the women with one parity, two parities, and three parities accounted for 47.3% (8 413), 48.5% (8 620) and 4.2% (738), respectively; urban women accounted for 49.9% (8 875), and rural women accounted for 50.1% (8 896). The results from multivariate linear regression showed that the pre-pregnancy BMI of women with two and three parities was 0.55 kg/m and 0.76 kg/m higher than women with one parity, respectively; the results of multivariate logistic regression showed that the (95%) of pre-pregnancy anemia was 1.45(1.04-2.02) for women with three parities compared with women with one parity, and the (95%) of anemia during pregnancy for women with two parities was 1.20(1.06-1.35) compared with women with one parity. Parity is associated with pre-pregnancy BMI and risk of anemia before and during pregnancy in women of reproductive age.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Female; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Parity; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Weight Gain; Young Adult
PubMed: 35899350
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20211230-01203