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Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Apr 2016This article provides an overview of important anatomic and functional anatomy associated with the parotid gland and facial nerve for the practicing otolaryngologist,... (Review)
Review
This article provides an overview of important anatomic and functional anatomy associated with the parotid gland and facial nerve for the practicing otolaryngologist, head and neck surgeon, facial plastic surgeon, and plastic surgeon. The discussion includes the important anatomic relationships and physiology related to the parotid gland and salivary production. A comprehensive description of the path of facial nerve, its branches, and important anatomic landmarks also are provided.
Topics: Facial Nerve; Facial Paralysis; Humans; Parotid Gland
PubMed: 27040583
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2015.10.002 -
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Dec 2023This review will focus on the key steps in the recognition of parotid gland and duct injuries focusing on the important steps needed at the initial assessment.... (Review)
Review
This review will focus on the key steps in the recognition of parotid gland and duct injuries focusing on the important steps needed at the initial assessment. Management planning is presented in the way that trauma surgeons interact with patients, highlighting the important parts of the informed consent conversation followed by the key information that must be communicated to the anesthesia and operating room teams, which ensures proper monitoring and equipment needs are in place. Short-term and long-term outcomes for patients with persistent sequelae of the trauma and their management are reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Parotid Gland; Parotid Diseases
PubMed: 37369609
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2023.05.007 -
Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS Dec 2010Parotid trauma can lead to both short and long-term complications such as bleeding, infection, facial nerve injury, sialocele, and salivary fistula, resulting in pain...
Parotid trauma can lead to both short and long-term complications such as bleeding, infection, facial nerve injury, sialocele, and salivary fistula, resulting in pain and disfigurement. Facial injuries inferior to a line extended from the tragus to the upper lip should raise concern for parotid injury. These injuries can be stratified into three regions as they relate to the masseter muscle. Injuries posing the greatest risk of damage to Stensen's duct include those anterior to the posterior border of the masseter and necessitate exploration. When the duct is disrupted, emphasis should be placed on primary repair or re-creation of the papilla; however, proximal ductal lacerations can be treated by ligation of the proximal segment. Isolated parenchymal injury can be treated with more conservative means. Sialocele and salivary fistula can frequently be managed nonoperatively with antibiotics, pressure dressings, and serial aspiration. Anticholinergic medications and the injection of botulinum toxin represent additional measures before resorting to surgical therapies such as tympanic neurectomy or parotidectomy.
Topics: Facial Injuries; Humans; Parotid Gland; Postoperative Complications; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Soft Tissue Injuries; Surgery, Plastic
PubMed: 21086237
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1267725 -
Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of... Oct 1991The function of the parotid glands in patients treated by three different schedules of radiotherapy was studied 9 months or more after its conclusion. All had received... (Review)
Review
The function of the parotid glands in patients treated by three different schedules of radiotherapy was studied 9 months or more after its conclusion. All had received radiotherapy for a malignancy confined to one side of the head and neck region and only the gland on the side of the lesion was in the treatment volume; the contralateral gland acted as an internal control. Saliva was selectively collected from the parotid glands and the stimulated flow rate and pH of the saliva determined. Flow rates were expressed in each case as a percentage of that of the contralateral ("untreated") gland. Twelve glands that had received conventionally fractionated radiotherapy to a dose of 60-66 Gy showed a mean percentage flow of 20% and a significant fall in the pH of the saliva produced. Six glands that had received CHART and eight conventionally fractionated radiotherapy to a dose of 35-40 Gy showed mean percentage flows of 57 and 65%, respectively, with only slight and non-significant falls in saliva pH. The results show that in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck the use of CHART can lead to considerably less late change in the function of the parotid gland.
Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Middle Aged; Parotid Gland; Radiotherapy Dosage; Saliva; Secretory Rate
PubMed: 1957003
DOI: 10.1016/0167-8140(91)90009-6 -
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Oct 1999A new model for the subcellular basis of parotid secretion is presented in this article. GM(1)-ganglioside, typically found in neural tissues, is shown to be abundant in... (Review)
Review
A new model for the subcellular basis of parotid secretion is presented in this article. GM(1)-ganglioside, typically found in neural tissues, is shown to be abundant in the parotid gland. This ganglioside may play a central role in membrane turnover mechanisms underlying exocytosis/endocytosis in its role as a promoter of membrane fusion or a fusogen. The lysosome and lysosomal hydrolases also play a central role in this model in catabolism of GM(1)-ganglioside. Consequently, high levels of the lysosomal hydrolase acidic beta-galactosidase are demonstrated in the salivary gland. GM(1)-gangliosidosis of the parotid glands, as described in mice, appears to be the first single-gene heritable disease found so far in the salivary glands.
Topics: Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Animals; Biological Transport; Exocytosis; G(M1) Ganglioside; Humans; Mice; Parotid Gland; Parotid Neoplasms; beta-Galactosidase
PubMed: 10477786
DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6665(05)70172-9 -
Academic Radiology Jan 2024Salivary gland tumors constitute 2%-6% of all head and neck tumors and are most common in the parotid gland. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the most sensitive...
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES
Salivary gland tumors constitute 2%-6% of all head and neck tumors and are most common in the parotid gland. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the most sensitive imaging modality for diagnosis. Tumor type, localization, and relationship with surrounding structures are important factors for treatment. Therefore, parotid gland tumor segmentation is important. Specialists widely use manual segmentation in diagnosis and treatment. However, considering the development of artificial intelligence-based models today, it is seen that artificial intelligence-based automatic segmentation models can be used instead of manual segmentation, which is a time-consuming technique. Therefore, we segmented parotid gland tumor (PGT) using deep learning-based architectures in the paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The dataset used in the study includes 102 T1-w, 102 contrast-enhanced T1-w (T1C-w), and 102 T2-w MR images. After cropping the raw and manually segmented images by experts, we obtained the masks of these images. After standardizing the image sizes, we split these images into approximately 80% training set and 20% test set. Hereabouts, we trained six models for these images using ResNet18 and Xception-based DeepLab v3+. We prepared a user-friendly Graphical User Interface application that includes each of these models.
RESULTS
From the results, the accuracy and weighted Intersection over Union values of the ResNet18-based DeepLab v3+ architecture trained for T1C-w, which is the most successful model in the study, are equal to 0.96153 and 0.92601, respectively. Regarding the results and the literature, it can be seen that the proposed system is competitive in terms of both using MR images and training the models independently for T1-w, T1C-w, and T2-w. Expressing that PGT is usually segmented manually in the literature, we predict that our study can contribute significantly to the literature.
CONCLUSION
In this study, we prepared and presented a software application that can be easily used by users for automatic PGT segmentation. In addition to predicting the reduction of costs and workload through the study, we developed models with meaningful performance metrics according to the literature.
Topics: Humans; Parotid Gland; Artificial Intelligence; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Software; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 37271636
DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.04.028 -
Journal of Dental Research Dec 2019The salivary complex of mammals consists of 3 major pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. While the 3 glands share similar functional...
The salivary complex of mammals consists of 3 major pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. While the 3 glands share similar functional properties, such as saliva secretion, their differences are largely based on the types of secretions they produce. While recent studies have begun to shed light on the underlying molecular differences among the glands, few have examined the global transcriptional repertoire over various stages of gland maturation. To better elucidate the molecular nature of the parotid gland, we have performed RNA sequencing to generate comprehensive and global gene expression profiles of this gland at different stages of maturation. Our transcriptomic characterization and hierarchical clustering analysis with adult organ RNA sequencing data sets has identified a number of molecular players and pathways that are relevant for parotid gland biology. Moreover, our detailed analysis has revealed a unique parotid gland-specific gene signature that may represent important players that could impart parotid gland-specific biological properties. To complement our transcriptomic studies, we have performed single-cell RNA sequencing to map the transcriptomes of parotid epithelial cells. Interrogation of the single-cell transcriptomes revealed the degree of molecular and cellular heterogeneity of the various epithelial cell types within the parotid gland. Moreover, we uncovered a mixed-lineage population of cells that may reflect molecular priming of differentiation potentials. Overall our comprehensive studies provide a powerful tool for the discovery of novel molecular players important in parotid gland biology.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Parotid Gland; Single-Cell Analysis; Transcriptome
PubMed: 31623513
DOI: 10.1177/0022034519882355 -
Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2023When a parotid lesion is discovered incidentally, it can be challenging for the radiologist to provide specific recommendations for the next steps. This article... (Review)
Review
When a parotid lesion is discovered incidentally, it can be challenging for the radiologist to provide specific recommendations for the next steps. This article describes how the radiologist can play an active role in managing incidentally discovered parotid lesions. First, we explore the significance of parotid lesions. Next, the pertinent anatomy of the parotid space is presented to develop an appropriate differential diagnosis. Lastly, we discuss critical clinical and imaging characteristics the radiologist can use to provide specific recommendations.
Topics: Humans; Parotid Diseases; Parotid Gland; Diagnosis, Differential; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36243539
DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2022.09.006 -
Singapore Dental Journal Dec 2019Oncocytosis is a rare, benign, non-neoplastic lesion that can be further classified into diffuse oncocytosis or multifocal adenomatous oncocytic hyperplasia. This tumour...
Oncocytosis is a rare, benign, non-neoplastic lesion that can be further classified into diffuse oncocytosis or multifocal adenomatous oncocytic hyperplasia. This tumour has been estimated to account for 0.1% of all parotid gland tumours. Here, we report a rare case of a patient who presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department with a 3-cm swelling of his left parotid gland. Histopathological results from a superficial parotidectomy revealed the lesion to be a multifocal adenomatous oncocytic hyperplasia of the parotid gland. A description of this rare disease and its management are included in this article.
Topics: Adenoma, Oxyphilic; Humans; Hyperplasia; Oxyphil Cells; Parotid Gland; Singapore
PubMed: 32948099
DOI: 10.1142/S2214607519720039 -
Journal of Radiation Research 2012Safe imaging modalities are needed for evaluating parotid gland function. The aim of this study was to validate the utility of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tool,...
Safe imaging modalities are needed for evaluating parotid gland function. The aim of this study was to validate the utility of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tool, equivalent cross-relaxation rate imaging (ECRI), as a measurement of parotid gland function after chemoradiotherapy. Subjects comprised 18 patients with head-neck cancer who underwent ECRI and salivary gland scintigraphy. First, we calculated ECR values (signal intensity on ECRI), maximum uptake rate (MUR) and washout rate (WOR) from salivary gland scintigraphy data at the parotid glands. Second, we investigated correlations between ECR values and each parameter of MUR (uptake function) and WOR (secretory function) obtained by salivary gland scintigraphy at the parotid gland. Next, we investigated each dose-response for ECR, MUR and WOR at the parotid gland. A correlation was detected between ECR values and MUR in both the pre- (r = -0.55, p < 0.01) and post-treatment (r = -0.50, p < 0.05) groups. A significant post-treatment correlation was detected between the percentage change in ECR values at 3-5 months after chemoradiotherapy and median dose to the parotid gland (Pearson correlation, r = -0.62, p < 0.05). However, no correlations were detected between median dose to the parotid gland and either MUR or WOR. ECRI is a new imaging tool for evaluating the uptake function of the parotid gland after chemoradiotherapy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chemoradiotherapy; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Parotid Gland; Radiation Injuries; Radionuclide Imaging; Salivary Glands; Xerostomia; Young Adult
PubMed: 22302054
DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11059